I would say that probably every vegtable really needs to be grown outside, trying to do it in doors requires grow lights which are expensive to run.
Peas and beans can have a high yield in a small area, also beets germinate very quick.
variety is what you want, you don't want to limit yourself to just tomatoes in case you get a soil fungus which could destroy your entire crop.
peas and beans are good because they restore nitrogen back into the soil, broccoli is very good for you, but takes up a lot of room.
Avoid things like lettuce as most are reletavely low in nutrients, the advantage of things like corn is that it can also be ground up into flour.
also they can be dried and rehydrated later.
you can get tomatoes that will grow up lattice which again takes up little room, potatoes are also a good crop for fixing the soils nitrogen again and also the ease of growing them.
Remember a lot of choices will be determined by location and climate.
I live in the tropics so paw paw (papaya) grow easily from seeds, just like weeds as well as bananas just about growing wild in public parks.
If you have the room. you should plant an orange tree and if you have a gardening friend, they could even graft a lemon tree onto it so now your tree produces oranges and lemons. (it is possible to grow many different citrus varieties on the one tree).
feel free to ask questions, we are here to help each other after all
