The Enigmatic Walter Russell

[cellardoor]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Russell

Walter Bowman Russell (May 19, 1871 – May 19, 1963) was an American artist and mystic known for his achievements as a painter, sculptor, author and builder and less well known as a natural philosopher and for his unified theory in physics and cosmogony. He posited that the universe was founded on a unifying principle of rhythmic balanced interchange. This physical theory, laid out primarily in his books The Secret of Light (1947) and The Message of the Divine Iliad (1948–49), has not been accepted by mainstream scientists. Russell asserted that this was mainly due to a difference in the assumptions made about the existence of mind and matter; Russell assumes the existence of mind as cause while he believes that scientists in general assume the existence of mind as effect. Russell was also proficient in philosophy, music, ice skating, and was a professor at the institution he founded, the University of Science and Philosophy. He believed mediocrity is self-inflicted and genius is self-bestowed. The content of his public lectures and his writing about living philosophy place him firmly in the New Thought Movement,
In 1963, Walter Cronkite in the national television evening news, commenting on Dr. Walter Russell's death, referred to him as "... the Leonardo da Vinci of our time." After Walter Russell died (which the Russells referred to as being "refolded"), his wife Lao Russell kept USP going successfully until she herself died in 1988.


Biography

Born in Boston, MA on May 19, 1871, Russell left formal schooling at the age of nine (ten in some accounts) in order to help support his family. At age thirteen he became a church organist. He paid his own way through Massachusetts Normal School of Art. His jobs included: art editor at Collier's Magazine, portrait painter, author and lecturer, architect (Hotel des Artists (rumored involvement), West 67th St., New York;[11] Alwyn Court at 58th and Seventh Avenue; a Gothic studio opposite the Museum of Natural History on 79th St.), sculptor (including busts of Mark Twain, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Thomas Alva Edison, etc.).[12]
In 1894 Russell married his first wife Helen Andrews, with whom he had two daughters.
Russell also studied physics, and in his latter scientific period he advocated the transmission or acquisition of energy from what he referred to as the 'fabric of space'.
His Swannanoa estate was the setting for his University of Science and Philosophy from the late 1940s to the early 1990s. He lived there with his second wife Lao Russell till May 19, 1963 and she continued his work at the University until May 5, 1988. The Russells welcomed visitors to Swannanoa. Today, the place is closed down.
Born Daisy Cook in England, and later known as Daisy Stebbing, Lao Russell (November 1904 – May 5, 1988) emigrated to the United States in the 1930s, where she marketed her own beauty products, such as Beautipon, a breast enhancement cream, and Slimcream, a breast reduction cream. She advertised these in publications such as Popular Songs magazine, buying small classified ads. She was an admirer of Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science. Her relationship with Walter Russell began in 1946, when she read The Man Who Tapped The Secrets Of The Universe and looked him up, eventually leading to Russell's re-marriage "...and who shall deny that her simple philosophy tapped the secret of the universe." Students at the University are not restricted to a study of Walter Russell scientific theories but they can also seek enlightenment in the works of Lao Russell on such topics among others as love, sex and reincarnation.

Legacy

Walter Russell presented theories on the "fundamental principles of energy dynamics," the nature of matter and the progression of the evolution of matter, and the depiction of the universe as a continuously changing, creating effort sustained by the systematic work effort of the energy of light. His depictions laws was a nonstandard cosmology. Students of his work today call it "Russelian science."
Russell portrayed the principles of the unity of universal law in a way which he believed brought many mainstream theories into direct conflict, or incompleteness, such as some of the principles of Isaac Newton e. g. weight as Dr. Russell explains: "... Weight should be measured dually as temperature is. It should have an above and below zero... " He presented a view of the periodic table of elements that led him to the prediction of the existence of plutonium and the two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium which were known in theory but as yet undiscovered in nature, (as well as elements which are still undiscovered in nature) e. g. the inert gases 'alphanon', 'betanon' and 'gammanon' as well as the creation of heavy water. Russell’s periodic table has not been adopted by mainstream chemistry. However in 1923, Charles Steinmetz of General Electric was able to corroborate the existence of some of the predicted transuranium elements by direct experimentation in the laboratory which helped to usher in the Atomic Age, in 1945.
Such conflicts have left the work of Russell in obscurity. Robert Mayer claims this is because his cosmology, while complete in itself, would require upon its academic and scientific acceptance not only the upheaval of many scientific theories, but also matters such as the nature of God. Once, when asked how he acquired his scientific knowledge, he answered: "...I always looked for the Cause behind things and didn't fritter away my time analyzing Effect. All knowledge exists as Cause. It is simple. It is limited to Light of Mind and the electric wave of motion which records God's thinking in matter." At one point, an impressed Nikola Tesla advised Dr. Russell to lock all the new knowledge in the Smithsonian for one thousand years or so, or until man is ready for it.
In 1974, in the preface to The Universal One, Lao Russell asserted that "...Dr. Russell's thought and awareness matured in expression and he clarified and rectified errors he felt that he had committed in his earlier writings."
Besides his scientific work, Russell also worked in an array of other fields, including the arts, architecture, business and writing. He was friend and advisor to Theodore Roosevelt and gave lectures about the connection between his universal principles and the applications of these principles to human life. The University of Science and Philosophy publishes his books and perpetuates his teachings.

Astronomical thermodynamics

Walter Russell asserted that neither light nor heat flows from one point of space to another. He stated the same of electricity and magnetism; that neither is a flow varying as the inverse of the square of the distance according to Coulomb's Law, but a reproduction as the inverse of the cube of space. "Light does not travel. The light and heat which appear to come from the star or the sun has never left the star or the sun. That which man sees as light and feels as heat is the reproduced counterpart of the light and of the heat which is its cause."

Nuclear reactors

Lao and Walter Russell wrote the book Atomic Suicide? as a warning against the misuse of nuclear power through the proliferation of nuclear power plants. According to Walter Russell, the increasing heat and pressure generated on the planet by the increasing use of nuclear energy would eventually cause major global changes of a catastrophic nature.


Russell and the New Age

The term New Age in its contemporary sense can be traced back at least to 1888. Walter Russell spoke of "... this New Age philosophy of the spiritual re-awakening of man ... Man's purpose in this New Age is to acquire more and more knowledge ..." in his essay "Power Through Knowledge," which was published in 1944.
Russell accepted Richard Maurice Bucke's premise that not only the human body, but also human consciousness, had evolved in stages, that human consciousness periodically made iterative leaps, such as that from animal awareness to rational self-awareness, many millennia ago. Russell believed that humankind was on the brink of making another key, evolutionary leap in consciousness. The next cycle of human evolution, said Bucke, would be from rational self-consciousness to spiritual super-consciousness on the order of that experienced by sages, religious figures, and mystics of the past 2,500 years.
In 1947–48, Russell wrote: “This New Age is marking the dawn of a new world-thought. That new thought is a new cosmic concept of the value of man to man. The whole world is discovering that all mankind is one and that the unity of man is real – not just an abstract idea. Mankind is beginning to discover that the hurt of any man hurts every man, and, conversely, the uplift of any man uplifts every man” (Message of the Divine Iliad, vol. 2, p. 69). Russell’s predictions about what the New Age would bring included “a marriage between religion and science” (MDI p 257). Russell appeared to believe that this "New Age" would begin in 1946, based on a vision he had in 1921.
The most extensive treatment of Russell's ideas are found in his book, “A Course in Cosmic Consciousness.” Russell's ideas have also been digested by others.

University of Science and Philosophy

The University of Science and Philosophy was a home-study educational institution founded in 1949 by Russell and his wife Lao Russell, originally located at the Swannanoa estate in Virginia, USA.
The original idea was based on the Twilight Club, originating in 1870 with Herbert Spencer and Ralph Waldo Emerson and dedicated to the "upliftment of mankind." In 1921, it was reorganized and renamed "Society of Arts and Sciences" by Walter Russell, Edwin Markham and Thomas J. Watson Sr., Founder and Chairman of IBM.
In the 1920s and 1930s, Walter Russell and Thomas J. Watson Sr. delivered a series of lectures on business ethics.

[Daozen]

Within the secret of Light is vast knowledge yet unrevealed to man. Light is all there is; it is all we have to deal with, but we do not yet know what it is. The purpose of this message is to tell what it is.

Interesting to note Paul Twitchell, founder of Eckankar, allegedly lifted parts of "The Secret of Light" for The Tiger's Fang.

http://www.archive.org/details/Walte...eSecretOfLight

[vortexpoint]

Interesting dude that Russell. He also invented a periodic table of elements which goes by octaves. All the inert gases are, according to Russell seeds of the elements and they are located in point of equilibrium in start and end of octaves.



Russell's cosmology is pretty far reaching too. Here's a quote from the book "A New Concept of the Universe":

"ALL SYSTEMS ARE EXPANDING SYSTEMS
.
.
56.Planets are born from rings thrown off from the equators of sun's. Moons are born from rings thrown off from planets. Rings 'wind up' into planets and moons. These contract as they wind until they become spheres. They then expand as they 'unwind' into oblating spheres.

All suns and moons of stellar systems are created only by compressing electric waves. The theory of the accumalation of dust clouds into matter is not true to Natural Law. There is no such dust in space, not even the weight of a milligram.

Space is in equilibrium which is polarized into four octave waves of invisible matter, but octave waves of matter even though invisible are not 'dust'. These space octaves will be referred to later.

All planets and moons of their systems spiral farther and farther away from their primaries. They also spiral outward from their own axes of rotation, which shorten as their equators lenghten. They gradually 'swell up' into many times their original size as they expand.

When Jupiter was where earth is, it was not more than twice the size of the earth. It is now very many times larger. It has likewise expanded by throwing off rings such as you see around Saturn. These have become moons. Four of them are still on the plane of Jupiter's equator. It is even now preparing to throw off more rings which are seen as belts circling its equator."

Here's some diagrams to contemplate:

[cellardoor]

Very cool indeed. His harmonics theory can be traced back to Pythagoras, who coined the phrase "Music of the spheres". There are some recent discoveries which validate Russell's ideas for instance Nassim Haramein's 64 tetrahedron grid and torus field.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=79_HwQ-92f8

Also mathematics has bravely delved into the 6 dimension theory

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=O4eXU8VHM2g

Materialism is in its death throws the science of zero is the way forward. Russell was way ahead of the game as Tesla so aptly pointed out.

[Carmody]

From the OP:

1921, it was reorganized and renamed "Society of Arts and Sciences" by Walter Russell, Edwin Markham and Thomas J. Watson Sr., Founder and Chairman of IBM.
In the 1920s and 1930s, Walter Russell and Thomas J. Watson Sr. delivered a series of lectures on business ethics.

~~~~~

If one does any work on researching technological black ops..they will keep coming across potent references to IBM corporation as having deep involvement.

As well, personal, anecdotal, and reported experiences of being involved with any sort of potential in the area of 'over unity' or other 'forbidden' sciences, this experience teaches that one is soon found by and surrounded by clandestine contact from 'Secret Society' members and adherents. (Freemasons, people who report back to such groups or through such channels, etc).

The question is then if IBM ended up moving in that direction... or... if IBM was involved in that direction before Walter was encountered... and moved into being in contact with Walter... when he became prominent.

One of the big rules of changing things in the world, regarding secret society or clandestine group motions, manipulations and machinations..is to be in control of both sides of a conflict.

One might say that this is the first rule that those types and groups learn...... as things go sideways from one's desires and intents quite quickly, if they are not in charge of both sides of the given attempt to create a story.

I will add that as soon as I saw Walter's version of a Periodic Table of Elements, I KNEW (within seconds) I had a potent tool of different thinking...and from that, I could perform the equivalent of a parallax (stereoscopic viewing aid-in motion, depth of vision-positional) view into other potentials.

for example, I'm almost willing to bet (haven't read all of his works, not by a long shot) that if one looks at Walter's chart and other works...and applies such thinking to the crystal matrix theories of dimensional aspects of matter as electrically charged geometric patterns in multi-space, they will get to the list "78 different elements and isotopes found in the reactions of this 'hydrogen affecting cavitation device'"

http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=44551

Nanospire has announced that its investigative study on fusion created by cavitation in water has come to an end. The company has been working on high speed cavitation re-entrant jets and has acquired four patents recently.
Nanospire’s Cavitation Re-Entrant Jets Useful in Micro-Nano Fabrication
Buxton, ME | Posted on February 22nd, 2012

This technology can be used in sectors such as photovoltaics, microsurgery, targeted delivery of drugs, micro/nano fabrication and low cost extraction of algae for biodiesel production.

The founder and CEO of Nanospire, Mr. Mark. L. LeClair examined the cavitation machining for jets in early 2004. He found a crystalline form of water created by cavitation. The faceted jets had enormous electrostatic charge. By applying electrostatic charge, the crystalline jets etched lengthy semi hexagonal trenches which resulted in increased removal of substances.

The crystals were accelerated due to their attraction towards the supersonic bow shock produced by the Casimir Force. This acceleration resulted in the relativistic speeds of crystals in extremely short distances. This phenomenon was called the LeClair effect. High elemental transmutation was witnessed due to the bow shock.

Using the patented LeClair effect, Mark LeClair produced a cavitation reactor in March, 2007. A hot water heater was a result of the experiments carried out during mid-2009, funded by a low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) advocate. Mark LeClair along with Serge Lebid, co-founder of EVP and Five Star Technologies, found that the reactor activated high transmutation, fission and fusion in water. The reactor heated 2.9kW of water by utilizing 840W of input. The output was 3.4 times higher than the input. While passing through the reactor, the temperature of water increased up to 32°F with temperature spikes of 50°F. The experiment was repeated 12 times.

Dr. Edmund Storms, the LENR researcher, and U. Maine Orono (UMO), Media Sciences of Oakland in New Jersey, conducted the elemental analysis on the transmuted substances.The results from XPS analysis showed that the glassy coating found on the reactor cores was diamond. Thirty four elements including carbon to polonium were identified using SEM analysis. The mass spectroscopy analysis conducted on these samples by Shiva technologies in New York, showed 78 elements including lithium to californium and 108 isotopes from 7Li to 249Cf.

The findings of the study are expected to help solve natural resource and energy issues. This cost-effective technology can be used for industrial production of hot water at large scales for commercial and residential purposes.


~~~~~~~~~~~


The thing about it is, that I and some others, in their ways, (as a sum total) have presented more than enough information to figure out the basics of this multi-dimensional system, regarding functionality and believability.

The problem is not the matrix of the given context of life... it is the beings within the given matrix that are the problem. It has always been an internal issue, on all fronts. ego prevents people from getting that aspect. Note... Walter says humans are 'cause', which is very Buddhist/eastern and even takes one to the doorstep of all considered esoteric thinking, but with a structure and cosmology that is of the 'electric universe'.

The problem is not the information presented, it is a problem of ego attachment in the face of being cause itself (knowing/being and understanding--- that--- as a true reality on the deepest levels), as a force of existence in this place. This takes time to learn and be, as the mind in this place is physical and thus the channels in the mind have to change which is a tedious path and fare (yucky painful job) of having to re-form the physical mind so direct involvement in the conscious connection sense can take place cleanly - with the 'animal/autonamous/autopilot' components sublimated from being in charge of reality formation.

To become a conscious co-creator as opposed to what the reader of these word is right now, which is an an unconscious creator with the hind-brain and autonomous aspects of mind/animal/body (duality/separation layer that is beneath the hypnosis barrier) in charge of the doorway and co-creation of reality.

Relax..it is SUPPOSED to be that way, until you get your wits and intelligence about you and then tame that autopilot system that keeps this world running until you are ready to understand that you do indeed directly hold the keys to reality expression and formation.


remember, though, as the doorway and the key are hidden and autonomous and hidden beneath the emotions, formations of life and being, in the depths of the hindbrain interface/connection, that one really does have to venture into Plato's cave and wrestle with the unrealized aspects of the self, those autonomous aspects ---which 'drive' (push, pressure, steer, direct) one right now.

One thinks, via ego reflection, that they are conscious, but really, all they are doing is running around with a unrealized hidden brick tied to an unrealized gas pedal, with the throttle wide open...driving their life and edifice with little to no real directive and directing control.

There's a whole other layer of dimensional being under the hood of your unconsciousness layer. and you definitely have and and are one, the 99.99% of beings who might read these words.

For example one's emotions rise if I say that (above paragraphs), and this blocks reason tied to this as a point of analysis ----and all of it is forgotten... as soon as possible. Remember that point, when you remember these words, again.

You forgot again, you were internally directed away from that analysis which might set you free. Ask yourself, when that happens, what exactly that mechanism was....

It is the autopilot that is blanking you out... keeping you safe, until you are ready to address the issue of disengaging it. Which will require some decent amount of self analysis and internal work.

[Selene]

Walter's version of the Periodic Table is indeed mind-boggling - in the best possible sense. Wow. It opens up new vistas of understanding, that's for sure. I would venture that the 'octaves' here are more accurately depicted as a 'Phi' relationship: the .618 ratio encoded in Fibonacci numbers and which describes virtually all natural growth and evolution - the expanding spiral of increase, the number of petals on a flower, the Golden Ratio, the Vitruvian Man, etc.

For further down this fascinating natural rabbit hole:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=RE2Lu65XxTU

More here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number

Cheers,

Selene

[Sebastion]

Walter Russell was a very profound and unique individual. I know much of him because we share almost the exact same experiences spiritually. I found Walter's book-"The man who tapped the secrets of the Universe" approximately 6 mos following a period of quite profound mega-spiritual experiences in my own life. Once I realized that we shared so much in common-spiritually, I could not wait to get to Swannanoa, Virginia. I was heartbroken when I found that I had just missed meeting Lao-his wife. I suspected that Walter had already passed but wasn't sure at that time. The science involved I am sorry to say is beyond my understanding as I have no mind for it in this life and to add, I know why I have no mind for it.
Yasuhiko Genku Kumura was the CEO of Walter's University of Science and Philosophy and I have had extensive discussions with him. He has in depth knowledge of Walter and his life. You will find him at VisionInAction.org. I have a feeling that he and Carmody would hit it off quite well!

[cellardoor]

Modern mathematics has compounded Russell's theory on Astronomical Thermodynamics:

Walter Russell asserted that neither light nor heat flows from one point of space to another. He stated the same of electricity and magnetism; that neither is a flow varying as the inverse of the square of the distance according to Coulomb's Law, but a reproduction as the inverse of the cube of space. "Light does not travel. The light and heat which appear to come from the star or the sun has never left the star or the sun. That which man sees as light and feels as heat is the reproduced counterpart of the light and of the heat which is its cause."

Euler's formula


It begins with zero, the origin, a dimensionless point. Extend that dimensionless point to the east to make a one-dimensional line of positive numbers. Extend it to the west to cater for negative numbers. The positive and negative numbers make up the so-called "real" number line. Why aren't the real numbers complete? Because if we perform the mathematical operation of squaring the real numbers, half of the universe vanishes since all of the negatives become positive. There is a catastrophic flaw in the real numbers. How is this remedied?
2) We extend zero to the north to make a one-dimensional line of positive imaginary numbers, and we extend it to the south to make a one-dimensional line of negative imaginary numbers. We have gone from a one-dimensional line of real numbers to a two-dimensional plane of complex numbers (complex numbers comprise a real part and an imaginary part). Now what happens when we square this universe? The negative real numbers disappear as before, but now they are replaced by the squared imaginary numbers since the square of an imaginary number is negative. But if the imaginary numbers have become real negative numbers, what takes the place of the imaginary numbers? Haven't they now disappeared en masse too? No, because they have square roots too (of complex numbers), indicated by the blue dots in the above diagram.

So, in terms of the complex plane, we now have completeness. But if we describe the complex plane as an x-axis and a perpendicular x(imaginary)-axis (xi), what about the y and z equivalents (yi and zi)?
3) So, we do exactly the same thing for the y and z axes. Thus we get a six dimensional space x, xi, y, yi, z, zi that we can designate as 6D(3r3i) where r stands for real numbers and i for imaginary numbers. This is our complete mathematical space, stable under any mathematical operation. Our previous mathematical designation of 4Di was wrong for the simple reason that we had included only one imaginary axis rather than matching up one to each of the x, y and z-axes. 4Di was short of two imaginary dimensions, hence incomplete in the two directions where they were absent. 4Di had the right shape because in the context of calculating the distance between any two points, it allowed three zones to be generated: real distances, imaginary distances and null distances. These three zones constitute the essence of Einstein's special theory of relativity. But they are so much more than that. They are the basis of God, the mind, the soul, the afterlife. The "null zone" - outside space and time - is the province of religion. The "imaginary zone" - inside space and time - is the province of conventional science. The "real zone" - where the speed of light is always exceeded - can be considered a kind of mirror image of the imaginary zone.

[000]

Everything as 'music'/frequency. I feel this to my very core

John Keely is very similar to Walter Russell.

[Sue (Ayt)]

Just ran across this diagram and quote, and was pondering upon it. So thought I'd add it to this older Walter Russel thread.
Red and Blue...

"The division of sexless Oneness into pairs could not be a part of Nature's process without also dividing the Oneness of Light. God's Magnetic Light is white because it is still. It has no tensions or strains in it, for it is not divided. It is invisible to the senses because it has no motion in it. The moment motion begins the Light of the Creator's energy is divided into pairs which multiply their red and blue intensities in the ratio of their extension from their cathode beginnings, just as electric potential multiplies its intensity for the same reason. If, therefore, the Creator electrically divides His One pressure-less, motionless Light into two oppositely pressured lights of motion, is it not imperative that we associate these two similar effects which rise from the same cause, and judge them as ONE. Should we not recognize the fact that these two colliding light pressures wind up together, as a bolt threads into a nut, or more properly as one spiral spring intertwines into another? Is it not logical, therefore, to realize that the interpenetrating half of the spectrum is red, and the outer half is blue? That is the way we find it in Nature. The inner core is the red of its heat and the outer layers are the blue of space into which the red core projects its heat to expand it. The outer layers then cool it and thus create imprisoned bodies whose sole desire is to escape imprisonment. Beyond carbon the inner core reverses to blue."
~ Dr. Walter Russell - Atomic Suicide - Chapter 4 - The True Nature of This Mind and Motion Universe...

[Delight]

Posted by Sue (Ayt) (here)
Just ran across this diagram and quote, and was pondering upon it. So thought I'd add it to this older Walter Russel thread.
Red and Blue...

Attachment 44618

"The division of sexless Oneness into pairs could not be a part of Nature's process without also dividing the Oneness of Light. God's Magnetic Light is white because it is still. It has no tensions or strains in it, for it is not divided. It is invisible to the senses because it has no motion in it. The moment motion begins the Light of the Creator's energy is divided into pairs which multiply their red and blue intensities in the ratio of their extension from their cathode beginnings, just as electric potential multiplies its intensity for the same reason. If, therefore, the Creator electrically divides His One pressure-less, motionless Light into two oppositely pressured lights of motion, is it not imperative that we associate these two similar effects which rise from the same cause, and judge them as ONE. Should we not recognize the fact that these two colliding light pressures wind up together, as a bolt threads into a nut, or more properly as one spiral spring intertwines into another? Is it not logical, therefore, to realize that the interpenetrating half of the spectrum is red, and the outer half is blue? That is the way we find it in Nature. The inner core is the red of its heat and the outer layers are the blue of space into which the red core projects its heat to expand it. The outer layers then cool it and thus create imprisoned bodies whose sole desire is to escape imprisonment. Beyond carbon the inner core reverses to blue."
~ Dr. Walter Russell - Atomic Suicide - Chapter 4 - The True Nature of This Mind and Motion Universe...

I am going to listen to this discussion series. The value of a discussion is in the participants having my questions.....

Akashic Intelligence
63 subscribers
This is a Discussion group reviewing Walter Russell's Book The Secret of Light. This video covers Chapter 1 (The Eternal Question) and study question directly from the text. A group discussion from the Akashic Inteligence Secret of Light Study Group on Telegram reviews the questions and discusses their meaning. The topics this week are Truth , Conciousness, Man's Ascention, and why does God exist.

Walter Russell was a accomplished sculptor, painter and philosopher who believed that every man has consummate genius within him.
He became known as a natural philosopher and for his unified theory in physics and cosmogony.

He posited that the universe was founded on a unifying principle of rhythmic balanced interchange. This theory is laid out primarily in his books The Secret of Light and The Message of the Divine Iliad.

Russell was a polymath and also proficient in architecture, music, business and ice skating.
He became a professor at the institution he founded with his wife, the University of Science and Philosophy.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=juLOx-T_sOc