Reference tone
"Before a concert begins, a reference tone, the concert pitch, is played so the instruments can tune their middle a'. In modern times the pitch was set to 440 Hz. by the second International Standard Pitch Conference in London 1938. It is a high pitch compared to the older concert pitch of 435 Hz., which was introduced by the French government in 1859 in cooperation with musicians such as Hector Berlioz, Meyerbeer and Rossini. The concert pitch has varied in earlier times, depending on country and time. In the book On the Sensation of Tone by Helmholtz, a record of concert pitch in Europe covers many pages. The characteristic for Western music is that concert pitch is arbitrary. It has no relation to forces above man. There is no reference to earthly or celestial influx, but only to an artificial standard.
For the old Chinese the tuning of their fundamental tone, Kung, was a matter of utmost importance for their civilization; it had to be in alignment with the Cosmic tone so the celestial influence could be channeled into society by music.
We earlier mentioned Cousto's calculations (in his book The Cosmic Octave). He relates the Kung to the frequency of the Platonic Year. The note of the Platonic year is found to be F in Western Equal Temperament pitch, which is in the 48th octave with a frequency of 344.12 Hz.
The Indians’ method had the character of meditation, since the musician not only has to tune his instrument to the keynote in the prelude, he also attunes himself to it, and gives the audience the opportunity to do so too. This long introduction is essential since the musicians have to tune in to the ‘sadja’, the everlasting, never-ceasing tone. According to Indian tradition it stands for primordial vibration, which is called ‘nada’ and expresses the universal OM.
The OM sound, according to Cousto, corresponds approximately to the C sharp in the small octave of the present day tuning system (136 Hz), and to the 32nd octave tone of the Earth year. It means that in lowering 136 Hz tone by 32 octaves, the resulting frequency will be as slow as the amount of time it takes the Earth to circle the sun.
It is interesting to note that the Indians arrived at this tone, which we can calculate mathematically, ‘simply’ through intuition and meditation.
(The calculation is: A day consists of 86,400 seconds. A tropical year has 365,242 days = 31,556,925,9747 seconds. The reciprocal value multiplied by 232 = 136,10221 Hz.)
Concert pitch in western music, which is 440 Hz for the middle A, ought to be 435,92 Hz based on the note corresponding to the average solar day, according to Cousto."
source:
http://vaczy.dk/htm/scales2.htm
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