I was influenced in 4th grade when we studied "Egypt" because I could not understand how a "civilization" could just disappear. Why?
MAYBE ITS COMETS COMETS COMETS all the way down??
Woodcut showing destructive influence of a fourth century comet from Stanilaus Lubienietski's Theatrum Cometicum (Amsterdam, 1668)
Here are some early scientific comet drawings from Johannes Hevelius' Cometographia (Danzig, 1668) and from early China:
The impact of even a small and glancing blow from comet fragments can be dramatic.
My investigation in to Atlantis is suggesting a really bigger issue...
how do we LIVE with periodic, predictable (but unpredictable in effects) comets impacts? For some reason, this is only "hitting me" now as a SIGNIFICANT factor to be empahsized. Catastrophobia has a good reason....
I just heard about a comet named for an astronomer named EnckeFor thousands of years, the appearance of a comet in the terrestrial skies has provoked deep anxiety and even collective hysteria in humans the world over. The reasons for this response are not entirely clear. Working with historical testimony, David Talbott and his colleagues have concluded that comet fears originated in a global experience of catastrophe and terror. Behind all of the regional traditions and stories is the memory of the "Great Comet," the mother of all comets. The memory traces to the origins of world mythology, according to Talbott, and is particularly vivid in the story of a cosmic serpent or dragon threatening to destroy the world. The most common ancient ideas attached to a comet were the death of kings, the fall of kingdoms, cosmic upheaval, and the end of the world.
The Electric Comet
Here is some information FYI concerning the recurrent influence of this comet on the shaping of our present world civilization. The shape of our past 6000 years may have been triggered by Comet Encke in 3100 BC.Comet Encke
Comet Encke is thought by some astronomers to be a piece of a larger comet that broke up 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. Comet Encke is believed to be the originator of several related meteor showers known as the Taurids (which are encountered as the Northern and Southern Taurids across November, and the Beta Taurids in late June and early July).
Encke orbits the Sun every 3.3 years - the shortest period of any known comet. Given Encke’s low orbital inclination near the ecliptic and brief orbital period of 3 years, the orbit of Encke is frequently perturbed by the inner planets. The diameter of the nucleus of Encke’s Comet is 4.8 km.Taurids
"The outrageous suggestion that I am going to make is that the Taurid Complex was producing phenomenal meteor storms between 4,500 and 5,000 years ago, accompanied by multiple Tunguska-class atmospheric detonations, and that Stonehenge I was designed to allow the (awestruck, terrified) culture of southern England to make observations of the Phenomena and to perhaps predict their recurrence. Peter Lancaster Brown, in his book on megalithic sites, wrote that "Eclipses, comets and meteorites were astronomical phenomena widely observed by the ancients. But probably only eclipses were predictable." (Steel means to imply that Stonehenge I was needed to make observations because meteorite falls are far more unpredictable, but and at the same time may be long-lasting and recurring. - TN.)
Steel continues this theme in Peiser et al.: Natural Catastrophes (Oxford, 1998) by commenting that he sees no connection between the original Stonehenge I (built in 3100 BC) and the thousand year later Stonehenge II and Stonehenge III except the place. The original one was a scientific observatory, not for Sun, or Moon, or eclipses, but for watching dangerous meteorites, asteroids and comets. The later Stonehenges with their stones (the image of Stonehenge that we have of it today), was more that of a ritual and sanctuary than for any practical/scientific purpose. Of course it could be used for some trivial astronomical calculations (solstices, eclipses), but its original purpose was hardly known for the later builders. The world's first scientific astronomical observatory changed to a ritual place, because it was not anymore needed for its original purpose when the Taurids did not at that moment bother mankind, in fact the Taurids lived only in legends. Today the legends are coming part of a serious scientific study. What a change in paradigm!
Rogue Asteroids: "Comet Encke is associated with the Taurid Complex. If we follow the orbit of P/Encke backward, we find that it intersected that of the Earth around 1,800 and 5,000 years ago (ascending) and 2,100 and 4,700 years ago (descending)."
The Taurid complex is a comet/meteor swarm complex, whose main body is the periodic comet Encke with an unknown number of meteoroid swarms plus possibly some small body pieces. When the Taurid complex intersected Earth 5000 years ago, maybe around 3100 BC, it may have caused a 100 year long period of tunguskans and mini-tunguskans.
Clube and Napier have already in their legendary "The Cosmic Winter" (Oxford (UK), Cambridge (US), 1990) told the Taurid story:
"It seems clear that we are looking at debris from the breakup of an extremely large object. The disintegration, or sequence of disintegrations, must have taken place within the past twenty or thirty thousand years as otherwise the asteroids would have spread around the inner planetary system and be no longer recognizable as a stream.
"The second discovery, due mainly to the Czechoslovakian astronomer Stohl, is that enveloping the Taurids, Comet Encke and these particular asteroids is a broad tube of meteoric debris. ... The Stohl stream is apparently double due probably to an exceptional fragmentation... The mass of the meteoric material within the Stohl stream is 10 or 20 billion tonnes. ... Adding in the mass of gas and very fine dust ... we find that the original body must have been about 100 kilometres across. ... Backtracking the orbits of Encke and Oljato, we find that 9500 years ago their orbits were nearly identical. It is possible there was a major disintegration of the prime body then, with much debris created of which Comet Encke and Oljato are the largest known bodies ... Oljato itself is in an orbit which brought it virtually into the Earth's orbital plane for some centuries around 3000-3500 BC."
Was it Oljato's tail that swarmed Earth around 3100 BC? Did it have a partner or is Swift-Tuttle a part of a parent body of both or did the parent body disintgrate into three parts: Oljate, Swift-Tuttle and a third part that rained on Earth 13 August 3114 BC, the Mayan day zero?
Darwin was not wrong while saying that evolution is the survival of the fittest, but today we must add that evolution is the survival of the fittest of the luckiest. The Third Millennium BC (3100-2100 BC)
Evidence is taken from the Vedas of Encke's role.....
The Meaning of Vedas
STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
1. The hypothesis is based on the theory of coherent Catastrophism put forth by astronomers M/s. Victor Clube, Bill Napier, and David Asher.
2. The theory states that a large comet settled in the inner solar system, some 20,000 years ago, causing last mini ice age.
3. This comet disintegrated around 7000 B.C. It caused some catastrophic events on Earth, like crater formation, trenching and flooding due to Tsunami waves.
4. As a result of intense heat generated during meteoric impacts, natural glass was formed on the surface of earth.
5. A bright comet was then visible from earth. The next four millennia were a period of celestial peace and human cultural development from Stone Age to Bronze Age.
6. This comet further disintegrated around 3100 B.C. A series of 5 to 7 bright comets were visible in the sky for a period of few centuries. This disintegration also resulted in creation of a belt of asteroids and dust. This belt is known as Taurids and is still the cause of increased meteor falls in the first half of the month of November when earth intersects the Taurids orbit.
7. The orbit of Taurids is in a 7:2 resonance with planet Jupiter. The gravitational effects of this massive planet cause this orbit to rotate slowly around its own axis.
8. Because of this orbital precession, Taurids directly intersect earth’s orbit after a period of around 2500 years. This is a period of destruction due to bombardment of meteors of various sizes and in different locations on earth.
9. According to the astronomers mentioned above, two such periods were around the years 2000 B.C. and 500 A.D. They have predicted that the next episode is likely to occur around the year 3000 A.D.
10. Comet Encke-P2 is the largest remnant of this celestial turmoil and is still visible through a powerful telescope. It was visible to the naked eye till the end of 18th century. This comet completes its rotation around the Sun in 3.3 years.
11. The deductions mentioned above are based on actual observations, mathematical calculations and computer modeling. The researchers are qualified scientists and their papers are published in journals of repute.
12. For the purpose of present hypothesis, the theory put forth by these astronomers is taken to be true at its face value.
The record of this celestial turmoil is available to us in different forms, but has not been looked at with the correct perspective. Following are some of the important sources.
Descriptions in Vedic Literature
1. Meteor showers, most likely to be seasonal.
2. Bright, comet like objects streaking across the sky.
3. Deification of these astral bodies.
4. Abject terror of these deities
5. Hymns and songs to pacify these deities.
6. Prayers for self protection and destruction of enemies.
7. Rituals and legends to keep these memories alive.
· Abnormal geological formations in study areas
1. Formation of Dhayya ridge in planes of Punjab.
2. Presence of a large number of salt playas and salt water lakes like Sambhar and Didwana in deserts of Rajasthan.
3. Newly emerging evidence of presence of impact craters in the region extending from Saurashtra to Kasmir.
4. Disappearance of mighty Saraswati River and changed courses of rivers Yamuna and Sutlej.
· Archaeological evidence available mainly from Indus culture sites
1. Evidence of destruction at Harappa.
2. Faience objects, vitreous paste and talcose faience.
3. A special type of pottery called gray-ware.
4. Stones with high specific gravity (more than 2.8)
5. Corbelled water drains found at Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
6. Burial pottery found at Harappa.
The key factor that establishes a direct link between the Vedic Literature and Indus Culture is Soma. Present hypothesis claims that Soma was not a plant or herb having any kind of medicinal or intoxicating effects. In fact, it was natural glass formed during impact events. The process of making Soma juice was actually a process of creating static electrical charge on Soma particles by rubbing them on sheep skin. Earthing was provided by pouring charged Soma particles into a water trough. The static electrical energy accumulated on Soma particles, when discharged, produced sparks with sound. This, indeed, was magical. The pounded Soma was then finely ground and was used to make small moulded articles or to give a glazed coating on amulets which were supposed to have magical properties. This Soma powder was called a kind of gold, ‘Hiranya or Suvarna.’ There are enough references in the Vedic literature which describe the procedure of making Soma. There are also some Suktas which link Soma with Hiranya and describe the manufacturing of amulets called as ‘Mani.’
Indra was the first and brightest comet. The destruction that he had caused was awful. Salt playas and lakes in Rajasthan are probably the result of a huge Tsunami wave. Dhayya ridge in Punjab can be a result of trenching caused by a streaking-earth gazing asteroid. These, on any scale, are the mightiest of the events if they were caused by Indra.
Adityas were a group of bright comets created around the year 3100 B.C. In the beginning they were seven. Mitra, Varuna and Aryaman belonged to the first group; Bhag, Pushan and Savitru constituted the second. Indra, of course, was the mightiest amongst them. Vishnu was the last of them. In his Vaman incarnation, he was dwarf and blue in colour. He went round the region thrice in rapid succession leaving destruction in its wake. Vedic literature describes this Tri-vikrama with awe and fear.
Maruts were the Gods, bright and numerous. Their arrival was seasonal. They came in autumn causing terror in the minds of hapless people. Rudra, their father was of the same nature. It is clearly stated in the Vedic literature that Rudra the terrible, accompanied by his sister Ambika causes destruction in Autumn.
Ashvinikumar were the twin stars who announced the reversal of Sun God’s path and made him travel northwards bringing new harvests and thus renewing life.
The book gives adequate (in fact, numerous) references from Vedic literature to support the above statements.
The ritual of ‘Pravargya’ as described in Vedic literature is a vivid description of distant Aditya accompanied by Maruts spreading disasters on Earth. More interesting is the raw material used and process of making the pottery required to be used in this ritual. It points directly and unmistakably to the enigmatic “Gray-Ware” found in remnants of the Indus Culture.
Darshapurnamas Ishti is a sacrifice that was performed on every new and full Moon day. This was an important ritual in which baked rice was given as food to the Gods. This hypothesis establishes a link between this ritual and ancient Soma sacrifice. It is proposed that husked rice was used as a substitute for Soma. Although the ritual was suitably modified, the recitation of original chants (mantras) did not change. The meaning expressed by these chants provides the necessary link.
Mahavrata is another ancient ritual described in Vedic literature. A bull or a cow was sacrificed at the end of this ritual; it also marked the end of year. A flying falcon and a swing almost touching the ground are the two important symbols, which again point to some astral disturbances.
Evidence for existence of Soma is available in Indus culture. A substance named as vitreous paste is described in archaeological reports. It is a mixture of silica and metal oxides. The silica contents are generally above 80%. The substance shows a hardness of 6 on Mohr’s scale. It almost always has entrapped air in the form of fine spherical bubbles. Its specific gravity varies between 2.2 to 2.5. It, thus, resembles natural impact glass in terms of all its properties including various colours. Glazed seals and moulded faience objects were probably prepared by making a powder of this vitreous paste and then using it as a moulding or coating material. Modern science has still not been able to explain satisfactorily the manufacturing process for these faience objects. There is almost no archaeological evidence about the existence of furnaces, crucibles etc. to prove that Indus faience/vitreous paste (not faience articles) was man-made.
Presence of the so called ‘Corbelled Arch Water Drains’ at Mohenjodaro and Harappa indicate that these structures were more likely to be air-raid shelters from meteoric impacts, than water drains. Their locations, lengths and constructional features are more logical and appealing to common sense if they are called shelters rather than drains. A sukta in Rig Veda describes the destruction of ‘Vailsthanas’ by Indra.
The paintings on burial pottery found at Harappa shows peacocks, bulls and some semi human figurines. Most of these figures have long plumes which in fact look more like comet tails. These pictures can be interpreted as a depiction of important features of the visible sky during those times.
The Indus Unicorn can be interpreted as a representation of a group of deities- the Adityas! The banner/sign in front of this animal is a pictorial representation of ‘making Soma.’
So far, no one appears to have computed the specific gravity of the famous ‘Standard Weight’ stones of the Indus Culture. This simple calculation reveals that some of these stones have specific gravities ranging from 2.8 to 3.2. This, indeed, is a high value for stones which are generally labeled as chert, limestone or granite. It is possible that some of these stones are pieces of meteorites and this point needs further investigation.
***
The book presents this hypothesis, quoting and explaining references from Vedic literature. It also comments on the inadequacies and errors in translation, especially of hymns related to Soma. These errors have occurred because the Translator always has presumed Soma to be a plant/herb. This book also discusses the Archaeological evidence, mainly from the sites of Mohenjodaro and Harappa. Reports published by Sir John Marshall and Sri. Madhosarup Vats are considered as primary sources.
Latest research papers dealing with physical properties of faience and gray-ware are referred. Unfortunately, such papers are very few in number and they tend to raise more questions than giving satisfactory answers.
With due respect to all the proponents of Aryan Homeland Theories and various scholars’ claims about the antiquity and chronology of the Vedic literature, none of them are referred to in this book. I am quite aware that if the present hypothesis is found tenable then a lot of further work will have to be done. That, perhaps, will be the right time to consider and evaluate various views expressed so far on this controversial subject.3,200 BC- 3,100 BC.
According to Duncan Steele four comets one month apart made terrestial orbit intersections with the Earth in 3,100 BC.
One theory states that the comet Proto-Encke made its closest pass to the Earth in 3,100 BC.
Clube and Napier postulate that between 3,500 BC and 3,000 BC an asteroid known as Olijato had repeated close encounters with the Earth. Clube and Olijato thought that Olijato was a fragment of a larger comet that broke up around 4,000 years earlier.
Around 3,150 BC there was a massive electromagnetic surge in the earth’s atmosphere that effected the earth’s magnetic field. This could have been caused by a collision with a cosmic body.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Atlantic Ocean.
Between 3,200 BC and 3,000 BC there were two centuries of rapid drying and cooling as Atlantic Ocean circulation apparently shut down again. The Gulf Stream may have stopped again.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Australia. Northern Territory.
The Henbury Meteorite Crater is in the Northern Territory of Australia and is five hundred feet wide and is dated to 3,100 BC.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Azores.
There was massive vulcanism in the Azores around 3,100 BC.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Babylon.
Berosus the Chaldean or Babylonian historian wrote about the Great Flood and that it occurred on the 15th day in the month of Daisios or June 15th 3,116 BC.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. China.
Chinese mythology mentions that the Emperor Fu Hsi arrived after the Great Flood which occurred around 2,950 BC.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Egypt.
Professor Ioannis Liritzis of the University of Rhodes in the Greek Islands found evidence that a comet hit the Mediterranean Sea in 3,150 BC.
Egyptologist Peter Clayton gives a starting date of 3,150 BC for the beginning of Egyptian civilization.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Egypt. Sinai Peninsula. 34.00e,
29.00n. 34e29n.
The plateau of the Sinai Peninsula is covered with formations of basalt lava. There are also wide stretches of the Arabian Desert that also glisten with lava. Lava formations interspersed with extinguished volcanoes stretch from the vicinity of Palmyra in Jordan southward into Arabia as far as Mecca. These volcanoes only became extinct a few thousand years ago. Was this last occurrence during one of the Cataclysms?
There are also vast fields of burnt sharp stones here on what was fertile well watered land prior to the appearance of the strange stones. This is the same as in Arabia, which is just across the Gulf of Aquaba.
The Sinai Desert is today covered with blackened stones that are scattered across the landscape and for which there is no known reason unless it is the Biblical one. At Har Karkom, Jebel Ideid, a sacred mountain community dating back to 3,000 BC, there are many boulders several feet in size that have been mysteriously blackened and on which numerous ancient travelers have etched signs and symbols. The rocks are blackened only on the surface.
On the large mountain plateau of Har Kerkom, also in Sinai, the top is covered in an expanse of black stone fragments known to the locals as hamada. In some places in ancient times the hamada layer has been cleared to form what are called hut circles.
The blackened rocks in the Sinai resemble volcanic rocks but there are no volcanoes in the area now.
Cataclysm2: 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. England.
A dust veil event happened in Ireland and England. This is the abrupt appearance of massive amounts of ash in the atmosphere. This is from tree rings from the period of 3,100 BC. There is increased cosmic dust falling.
Cataclysm2: 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Greenland.
An ice core recovered from Camp Century showed an acidity spike which indicated that there was a large increase in falling ash world wide in 3,100 BC.
Cataclysm2: 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Iceland.
There was a peak in vulcanism in Iceland in 3,100 BC at Mount Hiemay. This was coincidentally with vulcanism in the Azores at the same time due south of Iceland?
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. India.
In the Vishnu Purana there is mention of the lost city of Dwarka which was governed by Krishna which was thought to have been on a large island off the northwest coast of India. Dwarka was submerged by a suddenly rising ocean at the dawn of the Age of Kali which according to the Vishnu Purana was in 3,102 BC.
Other Indian scriptures mention the submerged city of Mahabilipuram that was totally swallowed up by the sea in a great flood. This city was a copy of the palace of the Gods which its architect and ruler had visited. The Great god Indra commanded the submerging of the city by convening all of the other dieities of Heaven to call down watery judgement on the blasphemous inhabitants. Mahabilipuram meant “City of the Great Giant”.
Cataclysm2: 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Ireland.
A dust veil event happened in Ireland and England. This is the abrupt appearance of massive amounts of ash in the atmosphere. This is from tree rings from the period of 3,100 BC. There is increased cosmic dust falling.
Tree rings in Ireland indicate enormous ashfall around 3,150 BC.
According to Mike Baillie, a dendrochronologist at Queens University in Belfast in Northern Ireland there was a major temperature trough worldwide around 3,150 BC. Baillie had constructed an Irish bog oak dendochronology spanning the period from 5,000 BC to 1,000 AD. The Irish bog oaks showed a pattern of narrow rings, indicating extremely minimal growth, around 3,150 BC. In fact the rings were so narrow that Baillie could barely measure them indicating that weather conditions had been catastrophic. These narrow rings covered most of the 1,620s and unlike a major volcanic eruption lasted almost a decade. Even the largest volcanic eruptions only produce nuclear winter conditions for around three years. Baillie then compared his bog oak data against Greenland ice cores and a number of dates lined up indicated by ice core acid layers. These major weather events, much larger than volcanic induced nuclear winter conditions, occurred within thirty years of 210 BC, fifty years of 1,120 BC, ninety years of 3,150 BC and one hundred years of 4,400 BC. When new data was published in 1987 it showed another major acid layer within twenty years of 1,645 BC.
Cataclysm2: 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Israel.
For no known reason the Dead Sea rose 300 feet around 3,100 BC.
Cataclysm2: 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Mediterranean Sea.
The direction of the Earth’s magnetic field abruptly changed in 3,150 BC when a comet hit the Mediterranean Sea.
Professor Ioannis Liritzis of the University of Rhodes in the Greek Islands found evidence that a comet hit the Mediterranean Sea in 3,150 BC.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Mexico.
The Mayan calendar was founded on August 10th 3,113 BC by Kukulkan the great Civilizer. Other sources state August 12th. In Egypt this date when Gods and men sailed from their sinking island home and arrived in the Nile Delta was around 3,100 BC. The Babylonians had a date of 3,116 BC when Oannes the fish headed god arrived and brought civilization to Sumeria. Incidentally in Indian Mythology, from India, Dwarka was submerged by a suddenly rising ocean at the dawn of the Age of Kali which according to the Vishnu Purana was in 3,102 BC.
Kukulkan arrived after the “Hun yecil” the Drowning of the Trees which covered the world.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Peru.
Glaciologist Lonnie Thompson has accumulated evidence that indicates that there was a major change in Earth’s climate approximately 5,200 years ago. By studying plants released by the Quelccaya Ice cap in the Peruvian Andes Thompson found by carbon dating them that they were suddenly buried alive by ice around 3,200 BC. How accurate is carbon dating though?
Around 3,150 BC the climate of Peru changed suddenly from that of a warm and wet and tropical climate to a different climate that was colder, dryer and less tropical. The Aspero pyramids were built at this same time.
Cataclysm2. 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Sri Lanka.
The Tamil people of Sri Lanka and southern India remember their ancestors coming to Sri Lanka after their island kingdom called Nawalam perished in the sea a long time ago.
Cataclysm2: 3,200 BC- 3,100 BC. Taiwan.
Massive flooding in Taiwan forced Austronesians who are members of an archeological group called the Dawenkou and inhabited Shandong and Jiangsu to leave Taiwan and travel south to the Philippines. These are the ancestors of the proto-Malay groups of people and languages.
Proofs of Catyclysms.