Dust Particles Influence On The Weather AND Earth's Climate

[Hervé]

Incredible image captured by a Nasa satellite reveals the criss-cross patterns that ships leave in the CLOUDS (https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/world-news/incredible-image-captured-nasa-satellite-11907268?unique_ID=636526656010037314)

By Shivali Best The Mirror (https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/world-news/incredible-image-captured-nasa-satellite-11907268?unique_ID=636526656010037314), News (https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/)

14:15, 24 JAN 2018
Updated16:46, 24 JAN 2018


https://i2-prod.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article11907276.ece/ALTERNATES/s615/atlantic_amo_2018016_lrg.jpg
The stunning image reveals the impact that ships passing through the Atlantic Ocean have on the clouds above (Image: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS Rapid Response)


A stunning image captured by a Nasa (https://www.mirror.co.uk/all-about/nasa) satellite (https://www.mirror.co.uk/all-about/space) reveals the impact that ships passing through the Atlantic Ocean have on the clouds above.

The image shows a patchwork of bright, criss-crossing cloud trails off the coast of Portugal and Spain, known as ship tracks.

Ship tracks form when water vapour condenses around tiny particles of pollution (https://www.mirror.co.uk/all-about/pollution) that ships emit as exhausts.

These incredible clouds typically form in areas where low-lying stratus and cumulus clouds are present.


https://i2-prod.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article11907318.ece/ALTERNATES/s615b/Aqua_sea_ice_image.jpg
The image was taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on board Nasa’s Aqua satellite (Image: Nasa)


In a blog (https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/signs-of-ships-in-the-clouds) about the image, a spokesperson for Nasa said:
“Some of the pollution particles generated by ships (especially sulfates) are soluble in water and serve as the seeds around which cloud droplets form.

“Clouds infused with ship exhaust have more and smaller droplets than unpolluted clouds.

“As a result, the light hitting the polluted clouds scatters in many directions, making them appear brighter and thicker than unpolluted marine clouds, which are typically seeded by larger, naturally occurring particles such as sea salt.”
The image was taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on board Nasa’s Aqua satellite on January 16.


While the ship tracks may not look too long in the image, in reality, some stretch hundreds of kilometres from end to end.


The narrow ends of the clouds are youngest, while the broader, wavier ends are older.

=====================================================

The above gives an inkling as to what happens when volcanic ashes and an increasing amount of meteoritic/cometary dust settle down... which may be the omitted, generating factor for persistent contrails; beside pollution.

[CurEus]

Fascinating......I've recently come across some compelling research that indicates that water vapour when factored into the false climate models illustrates almost ALL of the "global warming" a missing link so to say. These vapours can be produced by solar and cosmic radiation interacting with our atmosphere.

Nearly 20 years ago there was a documentary on a PBS type channel (TV Ontario actually with David Suzuki narrating I believe) that illustrated how planktons would rush to the surface and release something like a spore? or particles? (I cannot recall) in order to force a thunderstorm that would produce conditions so they could gorge and feed. Noting phytoplantkons exist in the hundreds of trillions........of course whales would come and eat them :)

If cargo ships switched to all electric the equivalent Annual output of pollution from the USA would disappear.

Here is one of these ghost ships prototypes ( I don;t expect they go anywhere near the Somali pirates)

The Dutch company Port-Liner is building two giant all-electric barges dubbed the ‘Tesla ships (https://www.bd.nl/tilburg/wereldprimeur-voor-tilburg-twee-tesla-schepen-gaan-het-wilhelminakanaal-bevaren~acd26bfe/)‘. The company announced that the vessels will be ready by this autumn and will be inaugurated by sailing the Wilhelmina canal in the Netherlands.
The 100 million-euro project supported by a €7m subsidy from the European Union is expected to have a significant impact on local transport between the ports of Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Rotterdam.
Chief executive of Port-Liner Ton van Meegen told The Loadstar (https://theloadstar.co.uk/port-liner-launches-first-emission-free-barges-europes-waterways/):

“There are some 7,300 inland vessels across Europe and more than 5,000 of those are owned by entrepreneurs in Belgium and the Netherlands. We can build upwards of 500 a year, but at that rate it would take some 50 years to get the industry operating on green energy.”
The battery-powered barges – pictured above – are capable of carrying 280 containers.
The first 6 barges are expected to remove 23,000 trucks from the roads annually in the Netherlands and replace them with zero-emission transport.


https://electrek.co/2018/01/12/large-tesla-ships-all-electric-barges/

¤=[Post Update]=¤

I found something about the Plankton

Clouds From Plankton Blooms Control Weather (http://russgeorge.net/2014/07/14/clouds-plankton-blooms-control-weather/)

Russ George (http://russgeorge.net/author/admin/) / July 14, 2014 (http://russgeorge.net/2014/07/14/clouds-plankton-blooms-control-weather/) / Comments Off on Clouds From Plankton Blooms Control Weather / Get Your Geek On (http://russgeorge.net/category/get-your-geek-on/), Good News For The Planet (http://russgeorge.net/category/good-news-for-the-planet/)
Ocean plankton produce clouds as they thrive

Ocean plankton is the largest natural factor of this blue planet when it comes to managing CO2 (and sunlight via clouds.) These micro plants of the world’s ocean convert CO2 from its ocean acidifying form and global warming form into more ocean plants, phytoplankton. They are just being plants like any other which complete this miracle through photosynthesis. But very few people know that ocean plants also control the amount of sunlight that falls on the ocean by producing a chemical known as DMS that is a powerful cloud forming compound.


http://russgeorge.net/2014/07/14/clouds-plankton-blooms-control-weather/

[CurEus]

Full journal article

Abstract: The major source of cloud-condensation nuclei (CCN) over the oceans appears to he dimethylsulphide, which is produced by planktonic algae in sea water and oxidizes in the atmosphere to form a sulphate aerosol. Because the reflectance (albedo) of clouds (and thus the Earth’s radiation budget) is sensitive to CCN density, biological regulation of the climate is possible through the effects of temperature and sunlight on phytoplankton population and dimethylsulphide production. To counteract the warming due to doubling of atmospheric CO2, an approximate doubling of CCN would he needed.
http://www.jameslovelock.org/oceanic-phytoplankton-atmospheric-sulphur-cloud-albedo-and-climate/

[Hervé]

Yeah... clouds of strange origins:

Spectacular polar stratospheric clouds captured over Peru (PHOTOS) (https://www.sott.net/article/375577-Spectacular-polar-stratospheric-clouds-captured-over-Peru-PHOTOS#)

Sott.net (https://www.sott.net/article/375577-Spectacular-polar-stratospheric-clouds-captured-over-Peru-PHOTOS#)
Sun, 28 Jan 2018 09:27 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s22/447581/large/Polar_clouds_in_Peru_2.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s22/447581/full/Polar_clouds_in_Peru_2.jpg)
© Red Climática Mundial/David Alvarado


Stunning polar stratospheric clouds were captured by David Alvarado over Lamas, in the region of San Martín, Peru on January 18, 2018.

Polar stratospheric clouds (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud), also known as nacreous clouds (or mother of pearl, due to its iridescence), are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000-25,000 meters (49,000-82,000 ft). Usually the clouds only form over the poles during winter because the air in the upper stratosphere needs to be at least -78C.

These images were posted on Red Climática Mundial (https://www.facebook.com/RedClimaticaMundial/?fref=mentions) (Global Climate Network).


https://www.sott.net/image/s22/447580/large/Polar_clouds_in_Peru_1.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s22/447580/full/Polar_clouds_in_Peru_1.jpg)
© Red Climática Mundial/David Alvarado



https://www.sott.net/image/s22/447582/large/Polar_clouds_in_Peru_3.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s22/447582/full/Polar_clouds_in_Peru_3.jpg)
© Red Climática Mundial/David Alvarado



https://www.sott.net/image/s22/447583/large/Polar_clouds_in_Peru_4.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s22/447583/full/Polar_clouds_in_Peru_4.jpg)
© Red Climática Mundial/David Alvarado


This 'rare' phenomena is becoming increasingly common:

Polar vortex brings rare nacreous clouds to Britain (https://www.sott.net/article/341075-Polar-vortex-brings-rare-nacreous-clouds-to-Britain)
Nacreous cloud seen over Leicester, UK (https://www.sott.net/article/311439-Nacreous-cloud-seen-over-Leicester-UK)
Nacreous clouds spotted in sky over Ireland (https://www.sott.net/article/311443-Nacreous-clouds-spotted-in-sky-over-Ireland)
Colorful polar stratospheric clouds return to Swedish skies (https://www.sott.net/article/309322-Colorful-polar-stratospheric-clouds-return-to-Swedish-skies)

Though beautiful, these clouds are likely an indication of a cooling atmosphere, due to dust loading from increased comet and volcanic activity.

For some other indicators see these related articles:

Rocket launch over Japan appears similar to California UFO reports (https://www.sott.net/article/374768-Rocket-launch-over-Japan-appears-similar-to-California-UFO-reports)
Intense hailstorm in Cordoba, Argentina leaves hail accumulations of 1.5 m (4.9 feet) within 15 minutes (https://www.sott.net/article/365595-Intense-hailstorm-in-Cordoba-Argentina-leaves-hail-accumulations-of-1-5-m-4-9-feet-within-15-minutes)
Beautiful iridescent clouds appear over Santiago, Chile (https://www.sott.net/article/323004-Strange-skies-Beautiful-iridescent-clouds-appear-over-Santiago-Chile)
Strange 'pillars of light' in Michigan - it's 'diamond dust' (https://www.sott.net/article/294206-Strange-pillars-of-light-in-Michigan-its-diamond-dust)
"Night-shining" clouds bring mystery; Once confined to Earth's poles, the bizarre clouds have now been spotted above central Colorado (https://www.sott.net/article/129844-Night-shining-clouds-bring-mystery-Once-confined-to-Earths-poles-the-bizarre-clouds-have-now-been-spotted-above-central-Colorado)
Increased levels of 'meteor-smoke' in upper atmosphere sees noctilucent clouds cover whole of Antarctica (https://www.sott.net/article/271033-Increased-levels-of-meteor-smoke-in-upper-atmosphere-sees-noctilucent-clouds-cover-whole-of-Antarctica)

[Foxie Loxie]

Thanks, Herve....amazing colors & most interesting what causes them! :highfive:

[Cardillac]

so where do Chemtrails fit into all of this?

am just wondering...

Larry

[Cardillac]

@all

anyway, the weather can be influenced anyway one want's it; these technologies have been arround for decades; so where's the problem with this concept?-

Larry

[Hervé]

@all

anyway, the weather can be influenced anyway one want's it; these technologies have been arround for decades; so where's the problem with this concept?-

Larry


so where do Chemtrails fit into all of this?

am just wondering...

Larry
Please take that potential discussion to an already existing thread like this one (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?57696-Why-In-The-World-Are-They-Spraying-A-geoengineering-explanation-for-chemtrails&p=1029800&viewfull=1#post1029800) (<---) or a new thread of your choice :)

[Hervé]

High atmospheric dust particles factory:


https://www.sott.net/image/s22/448473/full/etna2016.jpg
Etna - 2016

[Foxie Loxie]

Herve.....you had me laughing out loud with your picture!! :ROFL: What an amazing picture...Thank You!!

[Hervé]

The cosmic fuse to all sorts of dust particles generation:

Early humans witnessed global cooling, warming, and massive fires from comet debris impacts says major study (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/02/02/study-early-humans-witnessed-global-cooling-warming-and-massive-fires-from-comet-debris-impacts/)

Anthony Watts Watts Up With That (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/02/02/study-early-humans-witnessed-global-cooling-warming-and-massive-fires-from-comet-debris-impacts/)
Sat, 03 Feb 2018 11:15 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s22/448939/large/younger_dryas_graph.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s22/448939/full/younger_dryas_graph.jpg)
Graph of temperature for the last 20,000 years, provided to illustrate this story, but was not part of the original press release.


New research suggests toward end of Ice Age, human beings witnessed fires larger than dinosaur killers

On a ho-hum day some 12,800 years ago, the Earth had emerged from another ice age. Things were warming up, and the glaciers had retreated.

Out of nowhere, the sky was lit with fireballs. This was followed by shock waves.

Fires rushed across the landscape, and dust clogged the sky, cutting off the sunlight. As the climate rapidly cooled, plants died, food sources were snuffed out, and the glaciers advanced again. Ocean currents shifted, setting the climate into a colder, almost "ice age" state that lasted an additional thousand years.

Finally, the climate began to warm again, and people again emerged into a world with fewer large animals and a human culture in North America that left behind completely different kinds of spear points.

This is the story supported by a massive study of geochemical and isotopic markers just published in the Journal of Geology.

The results are so massive that the study had to be split into two papers.

"Extraordinary Biomass-Burning Episode and Impact Winter Triggered by the Younger Dryas Cosmic Impact ~12,800 Years Ago" is divided into "Part I: Ice Cores and Glaciers" and "Part 2: Lake, Marine, and Terrestrial Sediments."

The paper's 24 authors include KU Emeritus Professor of Physics & Astronomy Adrian Melott and Professor Brian Thomas, a 2005 doctoral graduate from KU, now at Washburn University.

"The work includes measurements made at more than 170 different sites across the world," Melott said.


https://www.sott.net/image/s22/448940/large/fg1_online_high.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s22/448940/full/fg1_online_high.jpg)
The solid line defines the current known limits of the Younger Dryas Boundary field of cosmic-impact proxies, spanning 50 million square kilometers. Again, used to illustrate this story, not part of the original press release.


The KU researcher and his colleagues believe the data suggests the disaster was touched off when Earth collided with fragments of a disintegrating comet that was roughly 62 miles in diameter - the remnants of which persist within our solar system to this day.
"The hypothesis is that a large comet fragmented and the chunks impacted the Earth, causing this disaster," said Melott.

"A number of different chemical signatures - carbon dioxide, nitrate, ammonia and others - all seem to indicate that an astonishing 10 percent of the Earth's land surface, or about 10 million square kilometers, was consumed by fires." According to Melott, analysis of pollen suggests pine forests were probably burned off to be replaced by poplar, which is a species that colonizes cleared areas.

Indeed, the authors posit the cosmic impact could have touched off the Younger Dryas cool episode, biomass burning, late Pleistocene extinctions of larger species and "human cultural shifts and population declines."
"Computations suggest that the impact would have depleted the ozone layer, causing increases in skin cancer and other negative health effects," Melott said.

"The impact hypothesis is still a hypothesis, but this study provides a massive amount of evidence, which we argue can only be all explained by a major cosmic impact." The study: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/695703
Extraordinary Biomass-Burning Episode and Impact Winter Triggered by the Younger Dryas Cosmic Impact ∼12,800 Years Ago. 1. Ice Cores and Glaciers

Abstract
The Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) cosmic-impact hypothesis is based on considerable evidence that Earth collided with fragments of a disintegrating ≥100-km-diameter comet, the remnants of which persist within the inner solar system ∼12,800 y later.

Evidence suggests that the YDB cosmic impact triggered an "impact winter" and the subsequent Younger Dryas (YD) climate episode, biomass burning, late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, and human cultural shifts and population declines. The cosmic impact deposited anomalously high concentrations of platinum over much of the Northern Hemisphere, as recorded at 26 YDB sites at the YD onset, including the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core, in which platinum deposition spans ∼21 y (∼12,836-12,815 cal BP).

The YD onset also exhibits increased dust concentrations, synchronous with the onset of a remarkably high peak in ammonium, a biomass-burning aerosol. In four ice-core sequences from Greenland, Antarctica, and Russia, similar anomalous peaks in other combustion aerosols occur, including nitrate, oxalate, acetate, and formate, reflecting one of the largest biomass-burning episodes in more than 120,000 y.

In support of widespread wildfires, the perturbations in CO2 records from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, suggest that biomass burning at the YD onset may have consumed ∼10 million km2, or ∼9% of Earth's terrestrial biomass.

The ice record is consistent with YDB impact theory that extensive impact-related biomass burning triggered the abrupt onset of an impact winter, which led, through climatic feedbacks, to the anomalous YD climate episode.


Related:
Michigan Meteor Event: Fireball Numbers Increased Again in 2017 (https://www.sott.net/article/374741-Michigan-Meteor-Event-Fireball-Numbers-Increased-Again-in-2017)

Of Flash Frozen Mammoths and Cosmic Catastrophes (https://www.sott.net/article_previews/tipe/182704-Title?new_art=true)

Interview with astronomer Bill Napier: Cyclical catastrophes and cometary bombardments (https://www.sott.net/article/305017-Interview-with-astronomer-Bill-Napier-Cyclical-catastrophes-and-cometary-bombardments)

Witches, Comets and Planetary Cataclysms (https://www.sott.net/article/217194-Witches-Comets-and-Planetary-Cataclysms)

The Younger Dryas Impact Event and the Cycles of Cosmic Catastrophes - Climate Scientists Awakening (https://www.sott.net/article/134637-The-Younger-Dryas-Impact-Event-and-the-Cycles-of-Cosmic-Catastrophes-Climate-Scientists-Awakening)

The Day the Earth Froze: Younger Dryas Ice Age caused by Storm of Comet Debris (https://www.sott.net/article/206047-The-Day-the-Earth-Froze-Younger-Dryas-Ice-Age-caused-by-Storm-of-Comet-Debris)

Comet Research Group replies to Robert Schoch's theory on the end of the last ice age (http://cosmictusk.com/comet-research-group-responds-to-robert-schoch/)

Large volcanic eruption may have caused the first mass extinction (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?97834-The-First-Mass-Extinction)

[Hervé]

...

Ground level dust particles factories...


https://www.sott.net/image/s22/448911/full/dymy_1.jpg

[Foxie Loxie]

ANOTHER great picture!! :facepalm:

[Hervé]

Volcanic eruptions, epics, pagan gods and the shift towards monotheism in Middle Ages Iceland (https://www.livescience.com/62069-iceland-volcano-christianity.html)

Laura Geggel Live Science (https://www.livescience.com/62069-iceland-volcano-christianity.html)
Tue, 20 Mar 2018 09:06 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s22/458549/large/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s22/458549/full/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS.jpg)
The Codex Regius, an Icelandic collection of poems about pagan gods, contains a version of the Vǫluspá. © Werner Forman/Universal Images Group/Getty


A series of Earth-shattering volcanic eruptions in Iceland during the Middle Ages may have spurred the people living there to turn away from their pagan gods and convert to Christianity, a new study finds.

The discovery came about thanks to precise dating of the volcanic eruptions, which spewed lava about two generations before the Icelandic people changed religions.

But why would volcanic eruptions turn people toward monotheism? The answer has to do with the "Vǫluspá," a prominent medieval poem that predicted a fiery eruption would help lead to the downfall of the pagan gods, the researchers said. [Cracking Codices: 10 of the Most Mysterious Ancient Manuscripts (https://www.livescience.com/56507-mysterious-ancient-codices.html)]

New, volcanic land
Historians have long known that the Vikings (https://www.livescience.com/32087-viking-history-facts-myths.html) and Celts settled Iceland in about A.D. 874, but they were less certain about the date of the Eldgjá lava flood, the largest eruption to hit Iceland in the past few millennia. Knowing this date is crucial, because it can tell scientists whether the eruption - a colossal event that unleashed about 4.8 cubic miles (20 cubic kilometers) of lava [ash?] onto Greenland - impacted the settlement there, the researchers said.


https://www.sott.net/image/s22/458550/large/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s22/458550/full/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS.jpg)
The nearly 25-mile-long (40 kilometers) Eldgjá fissure formed during a giant eruption from a volcano in southern Iceland. © Clive Oppenheimer


To investigate, the researchers examined ice core records. Their results showed that the eruption took place less than 100 years after people settled the island. The volcano began gushing lava (https://www.livescience.com/27295-volcanoes.html) in the spring of A.D. 939 and lasted, at least episodically, until the autumn of 940, the researchers said.
"This places the eruption squarely within the experience of the first two or three generations of Iceland's settlers," study lead researcher Clive Oppenheimer, a professor of volcanology at the University of Cambridge, in England, said in a statement (http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/volcanic-eruption-influenced-icelands-conversion-to-christianity).

"Some of the first wave of migrants to Iceland, brought over as children, may well have witnessed the eruption."
The finding matches medieval chronicles from Ireland, Germany and Italy that noted the spread of a haze in 939. Moreover, the tree-ring data revealed that in A.D. 940, the Northern Hemisphere had one of its coldest summers in the previous 1,500 years - a cold shift consistent with the release of large amounts of volcanic sulfur into the atmosphere, the researchers said.
"In 940, summer cooling was most pronounced in Central Europe, Scandinavia, the Canadian Rockies, Alaska and Central Asia, with summer average temperatures 2 degrees Celsius [3.6 degrees Fahrenheit] lower (https://www.livescience.com/58891-why-2-degrees-celsius-increase-matters.html)," co-researcher Markus Stoffel, a professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, said in the statement.
Suffering followed, with hard winters and drought in the spring and summer. Locusts invaded, and livestock died. "Famine did not set in everywhere, but in the early 940s, we read of starvation and vast mortality in parts of Germany, Iraq and China," said study co-researcher Tim Newfield, an environmental historian at Georgetown University, in Washington, D.C.

However, no texts from that period survive from Iceland, the volcano's homeland.

A mere two generations after the Eldgjá eruption, in about A.D. 1000, the people of Iceland formally converted to Christianity. And it likely had to do with the "Vǫluspá," the researchers said. [The 11 Biggest Volcanic Eruptions in History (https://www.livescience.com/30507-volcanoes-biggest-history.html)]

Apocalyptic poem
The "Vǫluspá" was written after the eruptions, in about A.D. 961. It describes how an eruption and meteorological events would mark the end of the pagan gods, who would be replaced by one, singular god, the researchers said.

Part of the poem explains how "the sun starts to turn black, land sinks into sea; the bright stars scatter from the sky ... flame flies high against heaven itself," according to a translation.

Considering Eldgjá's eruptions date to before the poem was written, Icelanders who experienced the fiery spectacle likely looked back at the events and wrote the poem, "with the purpose of stimulating Iceland's Christianization (https://www.livescience.com/44954-mysteries-questions-jesus-birth-death.html) over the latter half of the 10th century," the researchers wrote in the study, published online today (March 19) in the journal Climate Change (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-018-2171-9).

[Hervé]

The effect of volcanoes on climate and climate on volcanoes (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/05/10/the-effect-of-volcanoes-on-climate-and-climate-on-volcanoes/)

Andy May WUWT (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/05/10/the-effect-of-volcanoes-on-climate-and-climate-on-volcanoes/)
Thu, 10 May 2018 00:00 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/465718/large/Hawaii_volcano.jpg (https://gdb.voanews.com/77941277-C057-41F6-BC92-3E61D6269125_cx0_cy4_cw0_w1597_n_r1_s.jpg)
In this photo provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, red ash rises from the Puu Oo vent on Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano after a magnitude-5.0 earthquake struck the Big Island, Thursday, May 3, 2018 in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. © volcanoes.usgs.gov


The relationship between volcanoes and climate is a very complex one. From reading the media one gets the impression that they are some sort of climatic wild card. They are used to explain the cooling after the Pinatubo eruption, or the Little Ice Age cooling as a detriment to the solar hypothesis. But they are also used to explain the warming leading to mass extinctions in the distant past.

To be able to fulfill such a dual role, scientists take advantage of the different gas emissions from volcanoes. About 50-90 % of the gas emitted by volcanoes is water vapor. The rest is highly variable from one volcano to another, but CO2 can be 1-40 %, SO2 1-25 %, H2S 1-10 %, and HCl 1-10 %, plus a lot of other minor gases. H2S gets quickly oxidized to SO2.

If we want to concentrate on the cooling produced by volcanoes we look at SO2 (+H2S). Due to silent degassing, nobody knows how much SO2 volcanoes are producing, and the estimates vary wildly, but their contribution is very significant. SO2 placed in the troposphere gets converted to sulfate and coalesces into aerosols that affect cloud condensation and get precipitated as acid rain in a relatively short time. SO2 also reaches the stratosphere mainly during explosive eruptions that take place about every two years, but also from rising tropospheric SO2. Most of the stratospheric SO2 is of volcanic origin. In a period of weeks to months stratospheric SO2 gets converted to sulfate, dehydrating the stratosphere and building a sulfate peak in about 3 months after the eruption, that produces a stratospheric aerosol layer enhancement that lasts about 4 years.


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264212811/figure/fig2/AS:279043120353300@1443540472260/Schematic-overview-of-the-climate-effects-after-a-very-large-volcanic-eruption21-23.png
Figure 1. Schematic overview of the climate effects after a very large volcanic eruption. Source: Timmreck, 2012.


The better known one is to scatter incoming solar radiation producing surface cooling. But they also absorb near IR (Infrared radiation) and LWR (longwave infrared radiation, incoming and outgoing) producing stratospheric heating, affecting atmospheric circulation and leading to warm winters in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) in the 1-2 years after a stratospheric eruption. The third effect is a very effective destruction of ozone due to altered chemistry and perturbed heating rates. The drop in the ozone level affects stratospheric climate leading to widespread atmospheric changes and to an increase in solar UV (ultraviolet) radiation reaching the surface.

To complicate things, the climatic effects of volcanoes depend a lot not only on their SO2 stratospheric injection, but also on the latitude of the volcano and the time of the year. These factors have a significant effect on the dispersal of the cloud. Thus, some volcanoes have a global effect while others only a hemispheric one, or no effect at all, like the Mt. St. Helen's eruption of 1980, a strong volcanic eruption with no climatic effect.

When scientists want to concentrate on the warming produced by volcanoes, they look at CO2. Currently CO2 emissions from volcanoes are too small, about 1% of anthropogenic emissions. But, in the distant past the amount of CO2 produced by a much higher level of volcanic activity, particularly by Large Igneous Provinces (LIP), might have been very considerable. Since mass extinctions, from the past in some cases, correlate well with LIP, there is a lively debate on whether SO2 and cooling, or CO2 and warming, caused the extinction, with the latter one being the most popular hypothesis today.

Volcanic activity and the Little Ice Age
The available evidence from El Chinchon and Pinatubo eruptions only supports a short-term effect from volcanoes on temperatures, lasting at most a few years. Based on this evidence volcanic eruptions affect weather, not climate, very much like strong El Niño events, but opposite. In fact an El Niño-like condition develops in the first year after large tropical eruptions, followed by a stronger La Niña-like condition in the second year (Sun et al., 2018 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4163-x)). The La Niña condition recharges subsurface ocean temperatures, contributing to a rebound in temperatures once the volcanic stratospheric effect ends, around the fourth year.


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467143/large/051018_1800_theeffectof2.png (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467143/full/051018_1800_theeffectof2.png)
Figure 2. Superposed epoch analysis of the summer temperature anomaly centered on 34 large volcanic eruptions (VEI index ≥ 5) within the 1111–1976 CE period. Temperatures over Northern (blue) and Central (red) Europe derived from a network of tree-ring maximum latewood density (MXD) records (thick lines). Thin lines represent 3 Northern and 4 Central sites to assess spatial and temporal variability. Source: Esper et al., 2013.


This evidence makes it difficult to explain the LIA (the Little Ice Age) in terms of volcanic activity, and therefore weakens the CO2-hypothesis. The main alternative to the volcanic hypothesis is that the LIA was caused by a reduction in solar activity, but if lower solar activity is more important in the LIA cooling, then increasing solar activity is likely to be more important in modern global warming.

Defenders of a volcanic-LIA use models to support a much longer effect by larger eruptions that took place during the LIA, like the Tambora eruption of 1815, by clusters of eruptions, and by a proposed long-term oceanic effect from eruptions. While these explanations are possible, there is no evidence supporting them. Tree-ring analysis shows a similar weather effect for LIA volcanoes (figure 2). The solar-LIA hypothesis has the problem that the cooling started before some of the solar grand minima started and that the cold periods don't exactly match the low solar activity periods.

Most scientists, however, accept that the LIA was probably caused by a combination of solar and volcanic causes and the discussion is about which cause was more important. A clear possibility is that low solar activity prevented the recovery from volcanic cooling, prolonging its effects and acting synergistically to produce a bigger combined cooling.

However more information can be gained by studying the effect that climate change has on volcanic activity.

The effect of climate on volcanoes
The idea that volcanoes affected climate by causing cooling on a temporal scale of less than a decade was an old one, already reported in 1940, and in the early 1970's there was speculation that volcanoes could be a cause for glaciations. However, in the mid-1970's J. Roger Bray, the discoverer of the 2500-year solar-climate cycle (wrongly named Hallstatt), made the observation that moving to temporal scales of centuries to millions of years the correlation between "volcanic pulses" and glacial advances was the opposite. Some glacial advances appeared to precede by a few centuries the "volcanic pulses" that were supposed to be their cause, and over the past 2 million years major ice-sheet expansions had lagged behind "volcanic pulses" by up to 10,000 years (Bray, 1977 (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/197/4300/251.short)).

By the late-1970's it was clear that the effect of volcanoes on climate was limited. As Rampino et al. reported in 1979:

"The eruption of Tambora in 1815, one of the largest eruptions during the past few thousand years, is associated with a hemispheric temperature decrease of only 0.5° to 1°C for 2 to 3 years. In this case, average global temperatures had already been decreasing since 1810 and then rose again in the 1820's." Rampino et al. (1979) (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/206/4420/826.short) confirmed one of Bray's observation that major historical eruptions associated with cooling were taking place after decadal length temperature decreases had been initiated, so they asked if rapid climate change could cause volcanic eruptions, by means of stress changes on the earth's crust, through loading and unloading of ice and water masses and through axial and spin-rate changes.

This question was left unanswered and forgotten once scientific focus changed from cooling to warming in the 1980's. However, through better data collection the question reemerged at the turn of the century. Zielinski et al. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589496900137) published in 1996 the GISP2 ice-core record of 110,000 years of explosive volcanism (figure 3), showing that the transitions between colder periods (stadials) and warmer periods (interstadials) displayed increased volcanism. The following year McGuire et al. (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Howarth3/publication/232789419_Correlation_between_rate_of_sea_level_and_frequency_of_explosive_volcanism_in_the_Mediterr anean/links/54eb8df90cf2ff89649def42.pdf) published a correlation between sea-level changes and the frequency of explosive volcanism in the Mediterranean. And in 1999 Glazner et al. (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999GL900333/pdf) published under the suggestive title "Fire or ice," that the anti-correlation between volcanism and glaciation extended for the past 800,000 years in the Californian volcanoes, located 300 km from the sea. This was also confirmed for continental volcanism in France and Germany by Nowell et al. (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Nowell/publication/268208146_JQS_volcanism_Nowell_et_al_2006/links/5463b9f20cf2c0c6aec4f782/JQS-volcanism-Nowell-et-al-2006.pdf) in 2006.


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467144/large/051018_1800_theeffectof3.png (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467144/full/051018_1800_theeffectof3.png)
Figure 3. GISP2 ice core volcanic SO2 (red), total SO2 (blue), and temperature (black, from δ18O proxy), for the past 50,000 years. Non-volcanic SO2 correlates with other sea salt ions. This graph demonstrates that the LIA cannot be due to volcanic activity, as the highest volcanic activity, several times higher than during the LIA, is associated with the strongest warming in 50,000 years, and the warmest period of the Holocene.


Then research turned to the mechanisms. Jellinek et al. (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2004JB002978/full) showed in 2004 that Californian volcanoes were responding to ice changes in the obliquity (41-kyr) frequency with a time lag, related to glacial unloading, that was of a few kyr for silicic volcanism but of ~ 10-kyr for basaltic volcanism. They advanced the hypothesis that the decrease in pressure from ice melting stimulated dike formation leading to more explosive volcanism. But this is not the only hypothesis. Volcanism is terribly complicated, and caldera-forming volcanoes from the glaciated arc of Kamchatka seem to respond to glacial loading and show peak activity during glacial maxima (Geyer and Bindeman, 2011 (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ff3e/4e37d79ce87c85e819f65698dc5e3db6a0a5.pdf)).

Kutterolf et al. (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/02f6/e806cd77945aa7ddeff9c99208b1122ad044.pdf) conducted in 2013 the most comprehensive analysis to date of the temporal frequency of volcanism in the Ring of Fire (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire), where most of the world's largest volcanic eruptions have occurred in the recent past. They built an extensive dataset of 408 tephra (volcanic ejecta) layer dates for the past million years from multiple coring sites down-stratospheric-wind from volcanic areas along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Frequency analysis of volcanic eruption activity shows a significant peak at the 41-kyr period with non-significant peaks also at the 23-, 82-, and 100-kyr Milankovitch frequencies (figure 4). The 41-kyr volcanic frequency peak coincides in period with the δ18O rate from benthic cores. Since changes in δ18O rate are anti-phased with obliquity, volcanism peaks roughly when the rate of change of δ18O is most negative, i.e. ~ 4 kyr after the greatest rate of sea-level rise and ice volume decline (figure 4).


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467145/large/051018_1800_theeffectof4.png (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467145/full/051018_1800_theeffectof4.png)
Figure 4. B: Power spectrum (red solid line) with 95% confidence limits (light red field) of the tephra layer records for the Ring of Fire time series. Computed with a time bandwidth of 1.5 k.y., have been normalized to the maximum value in the 40–50 k.y. band to allow better comparison. Energy at the obliquity period of 1 per 41 k.y. stands out as being significant. C: Power spectrum (blue solid line) with 95% confidence limits (light purple field) of the time rate of change of the LR04 Pleistocene stack of δ18O benthic records. Bottom: Phase shifts at a period of 41.2 k.y. between time series of δ18O, the time rate of change of δ18O, and volcanic eruptions, relative to the Earth’s obliquity. 360° represents one full cycle. Source: Kutterolf et al., 2013.


Ice cores (volcanic sulfate deposition) and volcanic (tephra layers) datasets independently show that the highest level of volcanic activity for the past 100,000 years took place between 13 and 7 kyr BP, with a rate 2-6 times above background level (figure 5c). Part of the lag with respect to the start of the deglaciation at ~ 18 kyr might be due to the melting starting at the Eastern Laurentide and Antarctic ice sheets that do not affect volcanic regions. After 7 kyr BP, once the ice sheets melted, volcanic activity has declined and has returned to background glacial-comparable levels.

Huybers and Langmuir (2009) (https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3659701/Huybers_FeedbackDeglaciation.pdf?sequence=1&origin=publication_detail) have analyzed CO2 output by volcanoes at deglaciation, considering that the increase in subaerial volcanism due to melting must have been compensated in part by a decrease in non-ridge associated submarine volcanism due to the increasing load of sea-level rise. Their modeling indicates that half of the CO2 increase (~ 40 ppm) during deglaciation is due to the volcanic response to climate change, constituting an important feedback factor to glacial termination.


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467146/large/051018_1800_theeffectof5.png (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467146/full/051018_1800_theeffectof5.png)
Figure 5. Changes in volcanic activity and CO2 over the last 40 kyr. (c) Estimated global frequency of volcanic events (solid line), normalized so that the frequency during the last 2 kyr equals one. Also shown is the 99% coverage interval for the null-hypothesis of no systematic difference between glaciated and unglaciated events (dashed lines). Solid line and grey interval represent the average and 90% range of 10,000 different estimates. (d) The contribution to atmospheric CO2 from volcanic activity. (e) CO2 concentrations from the Dome C and Taylor Dome Antarctic ice cores (dots), and a smoothed version using a 2ky window (solid line). Also shown is the residual atmospheric CO2 after subtracting the volcanic CO2 contribution (dash–dot line). The vertical shaded bar is between 12 and 7 kyr, when volcanic frequency appears greatest. Source: Huybers & Langmuir, 2009.


Discussion and conclusions
The Holocene Climatic Optimum, the warmest period of our interglacial, showed a level of volcanic activity 2-4 times higher than the Little Ice Age, the coldest period of our interglacial. Therefore, it is impossible that the LIA may have been caused mainly by volcanic activity.

Volcanic activity has no detectable climatic effect in the Pleistocene. Volcanic eruptions affect weather (a few years), not climate, and their only possible climatic effect is a hypothetical (but reasonable) feedback effect at glacial terminations through their significant contribution to CO2 increase.

However, climate change has a strong effect on volcanism. The effect of obliquity-linked ice unloading is very clear. Due to the asymmetric nature of ice changes, as melting is very rapid, but ice build-up is very slow, the effect of ice unloading has been well established, but that of ice loading has not. Anecdotal evidence since the 1970's suggests that ice loading might also increase volcanic activity, as eruptions have been observed after decades-long cooling periods, however, the evidence for this is not significant.


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467147/large/051018_1800_theeffectof6.png (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467147/full/051018_1800_theeffectof6.png)
Figure 6. Top: Global volcanic aerosol forcing for the past 2000 years, reconstructed from bipolar sulfate composite records. The 32 largest volcanic signals are indicated by an x, and ages are given for eruptions with atmospheric sulfate loading exceeding that of the Tambora 1815 eruption. Source: Sigl, et al. 2015. Bottom: Low- and high-resolution multi-proxy reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly (blue curve). Source: Moberg et al., 2005. A red line has been added to indicate the main temperature trend. Light blue ovals indicate cooling periods that coincide with the largest volcanic eruptions, but that are invariably followed by temperature recovery (red boxes). The largest volcanic eruptions did not change the existing temperature trend when they happened.


The Medieval Warm Period peaked ~ 1100 AD. By the time the Samalas eruption of 1257 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_Samalas_eruption) took place, the world had been on a cooling trend for a century and a half (figure 6). I place the start of the LIA at 1258 as it makes for a nice boundary. 1258 was the first taste of the coming climate misery that the LIA brought, characterized by crop failure, famine, epidemics, and social disruption like the appearance of the bizarre flagellant movement in 1260 (Stothers, 2000 (http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/climatepdfs02/climimpts1258volcaclimchg00.pdf)). See figure 7.


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467148/large/051018_1800_theeffectof7.png (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/467148/full/051018_1800_theeffectof7.png)
Figure 7. Flagellants in the Middle Ages. Public procession of the flagellants of Spain, Italy, France, Germany. English line engraving, 18th century. Source.


The Holocene Climatic Optimum and the Little Ice Age are not differentiated by their CO2 levels, that were about the same, while volcanic activity was much higher during the HCO. What separates them is their different solar irradiation from both orbital changes and solar activity. The solar-LIA remains the only hypothesis supported by evidence, even if we do not understand well the climatic response to reduced solar activity.

A final corollary is that the strong reduction in the continental cryosphere observed during the present global warming is likely to be paid down the road in the form of increased volcanic (and seismic) activity, due to ice unloading. Whatever its cause, the potential for a hazardous geospheric response to climate change is real (McGuire, 2010 (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bill_Mcguire/publication/43201211_Potential_for_a_hazardous_geospheric_response_to_projected_future_climate_changes/links/543bd7850cf204cab1db3faf/Potential-for-a-hazardous-geospheric-response-to-projected-future-climate-changes.pdf)).


Bibliography
Bray, J. R. (1977). Pleistocene volcanism and glacial initiation (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/197/4300/251.short). Science, 197 (4300), 251-254.

Esper, J., et al. (2013). European summer temperature response to annually dated volcanic eruptions over the past nine centuries (http://www.ufg.uni-kiel.de/dateien/dateien_studium/Archiv/Doerfler_2017_Dendroarch/2017_06_26/Esper%20et%20al%202013%20BVulcanol_tree%20ring%20volcanoes.pdf). Bulletin of volcanology, 75 (7), 736.

Geyer, A., & Bindeman, I. (2011). Glacial influence on caldera-forming eruptions (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ff3e/4e37d79ce87c85e819f65698dc5e3db6a0a5.pdf). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 202 (1-2), 127-142.

Glazner, A. F., et al. (1999). Fire or ice: Anticorrelation of volcanism and glaciation in California over the past 800,000 years (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999GL900333/pdf). Geophysical Research Letters, 26 (12), 1759-1762.

Huybers, P., & Langmuir, C. (2009). Feedback between deglaciation, volcanism, and atmospheric CO2 (https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3659701/Huybers_FeedbackDeglaciation.pdf?sequence=1&origin=publication_detail). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 286 (3-4), 479-491.

Jellinek, A. M., et al. (2004). Did melting glaciers cause volcanic eruptions in eastern California? Probing the mechanics of dike formation (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2004JB002978/full). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109 (B9).

Kutterolf, S., et al. (2013). A detection of Milankovitch frequencies in global volcanic activity (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/02f6/e806cd77945aa7ddeff9c99208b1122ad044.pdf). Geology, 41 (2), 227-230.

McGuire, B. (2010). Potential for a hazardous geospheric response to projected future climate changes (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bill_Mcguire/publication/43201211_Potential_for_a_hazardous_geospheric_response_to_projected_future_climate_changes/links/543bd7850cf204cab1db3faf/Potential-for-a-hazardous-geospheric-response-to-projected-future-climate-changes.pdf). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368 (1919), 2317-2345.

McGuire, W. J., et al. (1997). Correlation between rate of sea-level change and frequency of explosive volcanism in the Mediterranean (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Howarth3/publication/232789419_Correlation_between_rate_of_sea_level_and_frequency_of_explosive_volcanism_in_the_Mediterr anean/links/54eb8df90cf2ff89649def42.pdf). Nature, 389 (6650), 473.

Moberg, A., et al. (2005). Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data (http://www.academia.edu/download/45019839/Corrigendum_Highly_variable_Northern_Hem20160423-11956-gpd91b.pdf). Nature, 433 (7026), 613.

Nowell, D. A., et al. (2006). Episodic quaternary volcanism in France and Germany (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Nowell/publication/268208146_JQS_volcanism_Nowell_et_al_2006/links/5463b9f20cf2c0c6aec4f782/JQS-volcanism-Nowell-et-al-2006.pdf). Journal of Quaternary Science, 21 (6), 645-675.

Rampino, M. R., et al. (1979). Can rapid climatic change cause volcanic eruptions? (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/206/4420/826.short). Science, 206 (4420), 826-829.

Stothers, R. B. (2000). Climatic and demographic consequences of the massive volcanic eruption of 1258 (http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/climatepdfs02/climimpts1258volcaclimchg00.pdf). Climatic Change, 45 (2), 361-374.

Sigl, M., et al. (2015). Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years (https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/16135501/258284_3_high_res_merged_1429871467.pdf). Nature, 523 (7562), 543.

Sun, W., et al. (2018). A "La Niña-like" state occurring in the second year after large tropical volcanic eruptions during the past 1500 years (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4163-x). Climate Dynamics, 1-15.

Timmreck, C. (2012). Modeling the climatic effects of large explosive volcanic eruptions (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.192/full). Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3 (6), 545-564.

Zielinski, G. A., et al. (1996). A 110,000-yr record of explosive volcanism from the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589496900137). Quaternary Research, 45 (2), 109-118.


Related:


Research uncovers 405 thousand year climate cycle discovered related to variations in Earth's orbit around the sun (https://www.sott.net/article/385117-Research-uncovers-405-thousand-year-climate-cycle-discovered-related-to-variations-in-Earths-orbit-around-the-sun)
How a Wayward Arctic Current Could Cool the Climate in Europe (https://www.sott.net/article/380001-How-a-Wayward-Arctic-Current-Could-Cool-the-Climate-in-Europe)

[Hervé]

Noctilucent cloud season over the Arctic began May 27th 2018 (http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&amp;day=31&amp;month=05&amp;year=2018)

Space Weather (http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=31&month=05&year=2018)
Thu, 31 May 2018 16:17 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470426/large/Catalin_Tapardel_NC1a_15021626.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470426/full/Catalin_Tapardel_NC1a_15021626.jpg)
August 5, 2017 @ Kakwa, Alberta, Canada © Catalin Tapardel


NASA's Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) spacecraft has spotted its first noctilucent clouds (NLCs) of the 2018 season. They are the electric-blue puffs circled in this image of the Arctic taken by AIM (http://aim.hamptonu.edu/)'s CIPS (http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/cips.html) instrument on May 27th:


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470428/large/firstnlcs_strip2.png (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470428/full/firstnlcs_strip2.png)

"The summer season for noctilucent clouds has begun," says Cora Randall, AIM science team member at the University of Colorado.

"We spotted the first hint of NLCs in our data on May 23rd; now they are brightening rapidly."
NLCs are Earth's highest clouds. Seeded by meteoroids (http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/07aug_meteorsmoke/), they float at the edge of space more than 80 km above the planet's surface. The clouds form when summertime wisps of water vapor waft up and crystallize around specks of meteor smoke.

Previous data from AIM have shown that NLCs are like a great "geophysical light bulb (http://aim.hamptonu.edu/library/feat_data/data04012009.html)." They turn on every year in late spring, reaching almost full intensity over a period of 5 to 10 days. This means observers on the ground could begin to see them not long after AIM does.

Early-season NLCs are usually faint and always found in high latitude places such as Canada, the British isles, Siberia and Scandinavia. To people in those areas, we offer the following observing tips: Look west 30+ minutes after sunset when the sun has dipped 6o or more below the horizon (http://www.spaceweather.com/nlcs/geometry.gif). If you see luminous blue-white tendrils spreading across the sky, you may have spotted a noctilucent cloud.


SOTT Comment: (https://www.sott.net/article/387013-Noctilucent-cloud-season-over-the-Arctic-began-May-27th-2018)
Interestingly, it's the 31st of May, but June 15th 2017 Space Weather reported in The mystery of absent noctilucent clouds (https://www.sott.net/article/353920-The-mystery-of-absent-noctilucent-clouds):
During the first two weeks of June 2017, Spaceweather.com received zero images of NLCs - something that hasn't happened in nearly 20 years.

Where did they go?

Researchers have just figured it out: There's been a "heat wave" in the polar mesosphere (https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/mesosphere-overview), a region in Earth's upper atmosphere where NLCs form. Relatively warm temperatures have wiped out the clouds. So with the unsettling rise in fireballs (https://www.sott.net/article/374741-Michigan-Meteor-Event-Fireball-Numbers-Increased-Again-in-2017), one would think the two would increase (https://www.sott.net/article/271033-Increased-levels-of-meteor-smoke-in-upper-atmosphere-sees-noctilucent-clouds-cover-whole-of-Antarctica) in tandem (https://www.sott.net/article/349598-Satellite-helps-confirm-unprecedented-rise-in-noctilucent-clouds-caused-by-meteor-dust), and yet, evidently, (https://www.sott.net/article/386380-Elusive-anti-solar-arc-captured-on-film-during-take-off-in-Sweden) our atmosphere isn't behaving as is expected. And perhaps when this year's peak occurs will provide more data on just what's going on up there:

Adapt 2030 Ice Age Report: Arctic atmosphere changed, noctilucent clouds and Hawaii eruption hits geothermal well (https://www.sott.net/article/386771-Adapt-2030-Ice-Age-Report-Arctic-atmosphere-changed-noctilucent-clouds-and-Hawaii-eruption-hits-geothermal-well)
Noctilucent rocket fumes filmed over Okinawa Island, Japan (https://www.sott.net/article/374667-Noctilucent-rocket-fumes-filmed-over-Okinawa-Island-Japan)
Rare green flash sunset photographed flickering into even rarer blue in Norway (https://www.sott.net/article/384282-Rare-green-flash-sunset-photographed-flickering-into-even-rarer-blue)
Last year's solar eclipse set off a wave in the upper atmosphere that was detected as far away as Brazil (https://www.sott.net/article/384617-Last-years-solar-eclipse-set-off-a-wave-in-the-upper-atmosphere-that-was-detected-as-far-away-as-Brazil)
Cosmic rays increased 12% this year plus an awesome 'diamond dust' sun halo sighted in Montana (PHOTOS) (https://www.sott.net/article/370577-Cosmic-rays-increased-12-this-year-plus-an-awesome-diamond-dust-Sun-halo-sighted-in-Montana-PHOTOS)

[Hervé]

Strange skies: Red Sprites in Oklahoma, aurora Steve in Canada, iridescent clouds in Illinois and noctilucent clouds in Denmark (http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&amp;day=02&amp;month=06&amp;year=2018)

Space Weather (http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=02&month=06&year=2018)
Sat, 02 Jun 2018 12:12 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470959/large/Paul_Smith_C0002_00_44_01_24_S.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470959/full/Paul_Smith_C0002_00_44_01_24_S.jpg)
Red Sprite Lightning. May 30, 2018 @ Edmond, Oklahoma, USA © Paul Smith


The epicentre of Sprite Alley
Oklahoma is a good place to see sprites. "I photograph them often," says Paul Smith (https://www.facebook.com/dramaticskyphotography/) of Edmond OK. "Here are some examples from May 30th flashing above fast-moving storms in the Oklahoma panhandle."

"Venus is the bright 'star' just behind the windmill," he adds.

Oklahoma is the epicenter of a region that we call "Sprite Alley," a corridor stretching across the US Great Plains where intense thunderstorms produce lots of upward directed lightning--a.k.a. "sprites."

"I have been recording sprites since last summer when I accidentally caught a few during the Perseid meteor shower," says Smith. "I now have a couple of hundred events on camera and I am out almost every night there are storms in my vicinity."

The blue pushpin in the satellite weather map, below, shows Smith's location. The blue arrow points to the storm cell that produced the sprites.


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470967/large/map_strip.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470967/full/map_strip.jpg)


People have been seeing sprites since at least the 19th century, but those early reports were often met with skepticism. Sprites entered the mainstream in 1989 when researchers from the University of Minnesota finally captured them on film. Subsequent video footage from the space shuttle cemented their status as an authentic physical phenomenon.

In recent years, citizen scientists have been photographing sprites in record numbers. But why? It could be a result of raised awareness. More photographers know about sprites, so naturally more sprite photos are taken. There might also be a real increase in sprite activity. Some researchers think that sprites are linked to cosmic rays: Subatomic particles from deep space strike the top of Earth's atmosphere, producing secondary electrons that trigger the upward bolts. Indeed, cosmic rays are now intensifying (https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2018/03/05/the-worsening-cosmic-ray-situation/) due to the decline of the solar cycle.
SOTT Comment (https://www.sott.net/article/387232-Strange-skies-Red-Sprites-in-Oklahoma-aurora-Steve-in-Canada-iridescent-clouds-in-Illinois-and-noctilucent-clouds-in-Denmark):

The latter explanation is more likely, in tandem with a variety of other changes:
Photographer captures yet another photo of 'rare' red sprites - in skies above Oklahoma (https://www.sott.net/article/386463-Photographer-captures-yet-another-photo-of-rare-red-sprites-in-skies-above-Oklahoma)
It all adds up to more sprites over Oklahoma. More examples may be found on Paul Smith's Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/dramaticskyphotography/).

Steve spotted in Canada
Rare video of aurora phenomenon "Steve" - formally discovered in 2017 (https://www.sott.net/article/382645-Rare-video-of-aurora-phenomenon-Steve-formally-discovered-in-2017)

On May 31st, as Earth was entering a stream of high-speed solar wind, hot currents of plasma began to flow through the upper atmosphere over North America. When this happens, STEVE (http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaaq0030.full) appears. Matthew Wheeler saw the purple ribbon of light from Robson Valley, British Columbia:


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470960/large/steve_strip.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470960/full/steve_strip.jpg)
Aurora Steve. May 31, 2018 @ Robson Valley, BC, Canada © Matthew Wheeler


"It was visible to the naked eye despite bright moonlight," says Wheeler, who, on darker nights, has taken some incredible videos (https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2018/04/12/rare-videos-of-steve/) of the STEVE phenomenon.

This particular stream of solar wind has a knack for summoning STEVE. One solar rotation ago, in early May, the same stream lashed Earth's magnetic field. STEVE was then sighted not only in Canada (its usual habitat) but also in multiple US states (https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2018/05/06/steve-visits-the-usa/). Bright moonlight this time is making the mysterious ribbon more difficult to see, and will probably reduce the number of sightings.

Noctilucent clouds seen from the ground
Only a few days after NASA's AIM spacecraft began to see noctilucent clouds (NLCs) forming over Earth's northern hemisphere, people on the ground are beginning to see them, too. "They are back!" reports Ruslan Merzlyakov of Hjørring, Denmark. "I saw the NLCs during the early hours of May 31st." In this picture, they are silvery ripples beaming through the orange glow of sunrise:


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470961/large/Ruslan_Merzlyakov_1_1527753297.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470961/full/Ruslan_Merzlyakov_1_1527753297.jpg)
Noctilucent Clouds. May 31, 2018 @ Hjørring, Denmark
© Ruslan Merzlyakov


Early-season sightings of NLCs are always like this--faint and silvery, with a rippling structure that distinguishes them from ordinary clouds. They may not remain faint for long. Previous data from AIM have shown that NLCs are like a great "geophysical light bulb (http://aim.hamptonu.edu/library/feat_data/data04012009.html)." They turn on every year in late spring, reaching almost full intensity over a period of 5 to 10 days. Soon the silvery ripples Merzlyakov spotted should intensify and spread, forming electric-blue waves (http://spaceweathergallery.com/indiv_upload.php?upload_id=137106&PHPSESSID=je74j2q3abff05eu1ga6bmsqt6) that glow deep into the night.

Noctilucent cloud season over the Arctic began May 27th 2018 (https://www.sott.net/article/387013-Noctilucent-cloud-season-over-the-Arctic-began-May-27th-2018)

What are NLCs? You can think of them as frosted meteoroids (http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/07aug_meteorsmoke/). Noctilucent clouds form when summertime wisps of water vapor waft up to the top of Earth's atmosphere and crystallize around specks of meteor smoke. The resulting swarms of tiny ice crystals glow electric blue when struck by high altitude sunlight.

Colorful clouds pile above Alberto
Yesterday, May 30th, tropical depression Alberto was spending the last of its strength over Illinois when Chris Moore in the town of Streator looked up at the sky.
"I caught these spectacular rainbow-colored rings swirling around a cloud bank on the western edge of the storm," he says.

"The setting sun lit up the wispy clouds from behind."

https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470962/large/Chris_Moore_C6BB40B9_0943_4C1B.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/470962/full/Chris_Moore_C6BB40B9_0943_4C1B.jpg)
Wispy Rainbow Colored Rings Around Storm. May 30, 2018 @ Streator, Illinois, USA © Chris Moore


These are pileus clouds (https://www.atoptics.co.uk/droplets/iridim6.htm), and while they may resemble rainbows, they form in a completely different way. To make a pileus cloud, a cumulus cloud must first boil upward, pushing layers of moist air above it where the layers cool and condense to form cloud caps ('pileus'). Because pileus clouds form very quickly, their internal water droplets tend to be all the same size--the perfect condition for iridescence. Uniform droplets diffract (https://www.atoptics.co.uk/droplets/light2.htm) passing sunlight into vivid pastel hues.

Normally pileus clouds appear on warm summer afternoons when the landscape is festooned with rising cumulous towers. In this case, however, Alberto created the conditions for a late-spring display.

SOTT Comment: It wasn't so long ago that these strange sights in the sky were considered a rarity, now they're being documented daily.


Erratic seasons and extreme weather devastating crops around the world (https://www.sott.net/article/386158-Extreme-weather-and-erratic-seasons-causing-worldwide-crop-damage-from-the-US-to-China)
Rare green flash sunset photographed flickering into even rarer blue in Norway (https://www.sott.net/article/384282-Rare-green-flash-sunset-photographed-flickering-into-even-rarer-blue)
Sunlight drips through clouds and strange arc of dotted light spotted in sky at Missouri River (PHOTOS) (https://www.sott.net/article/369445-Sunlight-drips-through-clouds-and-strange-arc-of-dotted-light-spotted-in-sky-at-Missouri-River-PHOTOS)

[Hervé]

Changing atmosphere: Footage of Russian rocket flyover lights up social media (https://www.rt.com/news/430006-mysterious-object-sky-russia/)

RT (https://www.rt.com/news/430006-mysterious-object-sky-russia/)
Sun, 17 Jun 2018 08:02 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s23/473315/large/5b26107adda4c825078b4620.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s23/473315/full/5b26107adda4c825078b4620.jpg)

Russia's Soyuz rocket. © Taken from https://vk.com/club134454330


A scheduled launch of Russia's Soyuz rocket with a satellite aboard turned into quite an event in Russia after pictures of it heading into space baffled the whole country.

People across Russia took to social media to post dazzling pictures and videos featuring a mysterious object flying over them in the night to Sunday. Searching for an explanation, some said it could have been a UFO. Others said the white oval object leaving a massive trail could be a sign that Russia's state of the art ICBM Topol-M had been launched.

However, alien-seekers were left disappointed, as it turned out to be a Russian Soyuz 2.1-b rocket, which was launched at 12:46am Moscow time (21:46 GMT) from the Plesetsk test launch site. Several hours later, the carrier rocket's Fregat booster put the Glonass-M navigational satellite into orbit. The satellite will join (https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/GLONASS/) the group of Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), which currently has a total of 25 objects, one of which is currently undergoing flight tests.

Those living close to the site apparently knew what was going on and just posted pictures, commenting on the amazing view. The flyover was seen from various corners of the country, from Arkhangelsk Region to Moscow.

See video here: https://www.instagram.com/p/BkGpqxiHSNl/?utm_source=ig_embed

[Hervé]

I guess I now could change the thread's title to "Dust Particles Influence On The Weather AND Earth's Climate":
Vostok Ice Core Data Graph (https://serc.carleton.edu/details/images/15045.html)


https://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net/images/eslabs/cryosphere/vostok_ice_core_data.png
Vostok Ice Core Data Graph
Originally uploaded in EarthLabs:Climate and the Cryosphere (https://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/cryosphere/index.html).
Image 15045 is a 441 by 598 pixel PNG
Uploaded: Apr21 09

Last Modified: 2012-03-05 10:49:50
Permanent URL: https://serc.carleton.edu/download/images/15045/vostok_ice_core_data.png

According to that graph, it appears that a dust cloud precedes a jump in Polar temperatures... a considerably significant jump... anyone heard of that anywhere???

If correct and accurate, that graph smashes to pieces the idea of "nuclear winters" following heavy volcanic eruptions... like the Krakatoa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa) explosion!

[Mark (Star Mariner)]

If correct and accurate, that graph smashes to pieces the idea of "nuclear winters" following heavy volcanic eruptions... like the Krakatoa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa) explosion!

It does totally break that model. We're led to believe an atmospheric event like that would shield the planet from solar radiation, thus cooling the planet. So does it act as a greenhouse effect, heating the planet instead?

It's also interesting to note the wild Co2 swings over time, unconnected to human activity. Though it does correlate with strong temperature gains...

[Hervé]

[...]
It's also interesting to note the wild Co2 swings over time, unconnected to human activity. Though it does correlate with strong temperature gains...
Check this post: http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?50036-The-Arctic-is-melting-the-Antarctic-is-freezing.-What-does-this-mean&p=1235341&viewfull=1#post1235341 especially the addendum where the data studied show that the temperature increase precedes the CO2 increase by 600-800 years... so that, as I posted overthere, the sequence is as follows:


Volcanic/meteoritic/cosmic increase in dust concentration ---> increase in temperature ---> increase in atmospheric CO2

[Mark (Star Mariner)]

Making that connection now, excellent Hervé, thanks!

[Hervé]

Now, for the dust, temperature and solar activity entanglement, from: Carbon Dioxide and Air Temperature: Who Leads and Who Follows? (https://cornwallalliance.org/2012/12/carbon-dioxide-and-air-temperature-who-leads-and-who-follows/):
Even if CO2 has largely followed air temperature over the past 800,000 years, could it now become the leader in the 21st Century?

To address this question, Soon (2005) compared Arctic-wide surface air temperature anomalies with annual values of CO2 obtained from the climate modeling group at NASA GISS. The Arctic region is particularly important as climatologists widely agree that changes in air temperature are more pronounced in high latitudes due to the ice/snow-albedo feedback (i.e., melting ice and snow uncovers a darker underlying land surface that absorbs more solar radiation which increases the air temperature even more), the fact that cold air has very little moisture even when saturated (water vapor has a higher specific heat than dry air), and that it takes more energy to change the temperature of warm air by 1K than cold air (i.e., the derivative of the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law).

The plot below from Soon (2005) shows the graph of yearly CO2 and Arctic-wide surface air temperature anomalies from 1875 to 2000. Changes in atmospheric CO2 fail to explain the warming between 1920 and 1960 and the percent of variance in air temperature explained by CO2 (i.e., the square of the correlation) is less than 20%. When smoothed by a decadal filter (to reduce the effects of short-term climate variability), the explained variance increases only to 22%.



https://www.cornwallalliance.org/images/Screen_shot_2012-12-10_at_2.12_.07_PM_.png




By contrast, the graph of total solar irradiance (i.e., incoming solar energy) and Arctic-wide surface air temperature anomalies versus year (below) shows a much better correspondence with more than 40% of the variance in air temperature explained by total solar irradiance. But when the decadal filter is applied, the explained variance increases to nearly 80%.

While correlation certainly does not imply causality, it is very easy to argue on a physical basis that changes in solar irradiance should drive changes in atmospheric surface air temperature. Nevertheless, we can conclude that CO2 is not as good at predicting changes in Arctic-wide surface air temperature as is solar variability.



https://www.cornwallalliance.org/images/Screen_shot_2012-12-10_at_2.12_.52_PM_.png





========================================================


So, the deciding factor for dust in polar regions is this one:


The Arctic region is particularly important as climatologists widely agree that changes in air temperature are more pronounced in high latitudes due to the ice/snow-albedo feedback (i.e., melting ice and snow uncovers a darker underlying land surface that absorbs more solar radiation which increases the air temperature even more)Anyone having observed snow melting would have noticed its surface becoming "dirtier and dirtier" due to the dust, soot, particle residues left behind the melted snow as a concentrated top layer and facilitating a speedier melting of the snow it covers...

Since the recorded paleo-temperatures are coming from Greenland's and Antarctica's ice cores, the correlation between dust ---> temperature increase is thoroughly logical and rational but not necessarily applicable to the more temperate to equatorial areas where "dust clouds" may generate "Years without Summers." :)


PS: I finally found what their "dust" is: they call it "Desert Dust" as a result of turbulent winds sweeping barren, cold desertic areas (Loess, in other words) which they correlate to glacial episodes as compared to "interglacial" where there is little of that dust with higher surface temperature.

... oh, well, I tried...

[Hervé]

Mysterious Substance and 'Devilry' Blamed for 3-Hour 'Solar Eclipse' in Russia

By Brandon Specktor, Senior Writer | July 23, 2018 04:30pm ET




https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/511379777941299200/w3LL0Mzt_bigger.png The Siberian Times‏ @siberian_times (https://twitter.com/siberian_times)

Sun blanked out in Arctic Siberia. Locals in north of Yakutia said daylight was completely gone for several hours http://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/sun-blanked-out-in-arctic-siberia/ … (https://t.co/m9qbgj5OoD)


https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DirCDTNWsAA-DLu.jpg



https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DirCE2gWsAA4XSv.jpg



https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DirCFnlWAAEm7RW.jpg



https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DirCHltX4AAdEb0.jpg


6:23 PM - 21 Jul 2018
7 replies 75 retweets 119 likes For the Russian republic of Yakutia (also called Sakha) — a chunk of Siberia that's home to the coldest cities in the world (https://www.livescience.com/29913-coldest-places-on-earth.html) — July is a welcome reprieve from the seven-month winter that rampages from October through April. It's a rare time of year when locals can step outside without the risk of their spectacles freezing to their faces, a time when the merciful sun can hang in the sky for more than 20 hours (https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/@2012529?month=7&year=2018) a day instead of less than 2 (https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/@2012529?month=12&year=2017).

Imagine the confusion and disappointment, then, when locals in at least two districts of Yakutia stepped outside Friday afternoon (July 20) and saw the sun completely blotted out (https://www.livescience.com/63101-why-longest-lunar-eclipse.html) for 3 hours. [Photos: 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse (https://www.livescience.com/60189-in-photos-2017-great-american-solar-eclipse.html)]

According to the regional news site Yakutia 24 (https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.ca&sl=ru&sp=nmt4&u=http://yakutia24.ru/news/obshchestvo/48466-v-eveno-bytantajskom-uluse-tretij-chas-vyklyucheno-solntsa&xid=25657,15700002,1570001), the Eveno-Bytantaysky and Zhigansky districts of Yakutia inexplicably plunged into 3 hours of mysterious darkness between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. local time on Friday. Photos provided by bewildered locals show little more than the black shadows of trees and buildings cast against a reddish haze of sky. Adding to the ominous atmosphere, the air seemed to be thick with a grimy haze of black dust.

"It was impossible to be in the street," witnesses of the bizarre event told the news site Sakha Daily (https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.ca&sl=ru&sp=nmt4&u=http://sakhaday.ru/news/chto-otklyuchilo-solntse-na-severe-yakutii-pyl-zatmenie-ili-lesnye-pozhary/&xid=25657,15700002,15700019,). Other locals reported that it was suddenly pitch-black in their homes, that the mysterious smog turned barrels of water into barrels of mud and that nearby lakes emerged from the eclipse (https://www.livescience.com/32671-whats-a-solar-eclipse.html) covered in a filthy, black layer of pollution.

… Happy summer!

So, what was behind this mysterious dirty eclipse? While one local blamed the incident on "devilry (https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/sun-blanked-out-in-arctic-siberia/)," there is a likelier culprit: the multiple forest fires burning around Yakutia (https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.ca&sl=ru&sp=nmt4&u=https://yakutiamedia.ru/news/714198/&xid=25657,15700002,15700019,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700208&) and elsewhere in Siberia, The Siberian Times reported (https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/sun-blanked-out-in-arctic-siberia/).


https://img.purch.com/w/640/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzEwMC84NTUvaTAyL3J1c3NpYWFlcm9zb2xzLmdpZj8xNTMy Mzc5MzQ5

Between July 5 - 9, 2018, a massive smoke plume released by a series of Siberian wildfires traveled halfway across the world, crossing through Alaska and into central Canada. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory


As NASA's Earth Observatory reminds us, it's wildfire season in Siberia (https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92165/sweltering-smoky-fires-in-siberia), and hundreds of fires have already burned tens of thousands of acres of forest (https://www.livescience.com/63107-arctic-sweden-wildfires.html) since May. While most of these fires are hundreds of miles away from the dust-eclipsed towns in question, smoke and aerosols released by some of these fires have been tracked halfway around the world. One cluster of fires sparked on July 3 produced a smoke plume so massive that it traveled more than 5,000 miles (https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92439/from-russia-with-aerosols) (8,000 kilometers) in the span of 11 days, passing across northeastern Russia, through Alaska and into central Canada before beginning to weaken.

Plumes this large can easily shade the land below and fill the air with polluting gases, NASA scientists wrote. However, as of today (July 23), no firm conclusions about the crud eclipse in Yakutia have been reached.

[...]
Originally published on Live Science (https://www.livescience.com/).

[Baby Steps]

Yikes, the recent mooreland fires in UK have included a new ingredient according the this article (https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/winter-hill-moor-fire-been-14883088) - the actual PEAT/SOIL was sufficiently dry to ignite and burn at deep levels where it is hard to extinguish....

https://i.imgur.com/hSm8Xul.jpg

[Hervé]

Massive sandstorm engulfs the city of Golmud, China (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5995897/Terrifying-footage-shows-massive-sandstorm-devouring-Chinese-city-matter-minutes.html)

Tiffany Lo Daily Mail (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5995897/Terrifying-footage-shows-massive-sandstorm-devouring-Chinese-city-matter-minutes.html)
Thu, 26 Jul 2018 14:19 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/480262/large/4E978B2000000578_5995897_Apoca.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/480262/full/4E978B2000000578_5995897_Apoca.jpg)
Apocalyptic scenes of dust cloud rolling over a city in north China are captured by residents


A huge sandstorm yesterday swept across a city in northern China within minutes.

Apocalyptic video footage, taken by residents, shows how the cloud of thick dust more than 100 feet tall engulfed the city of Golmud in Qinghai Province.

The sandstorm was accompanied by gale-force winds of up to 20.7 metres per second, according to China Global Television Network. (https://twitter.com/CGTNOfficial/status/1022414975359279105/video/1)


VNqdYNQzC1g

Sandstorms, affected by a trail of cold air at ground level, have battered parts of China this week.

The film clips, released by China Central Television, show an apocalyptic sight of dust cloud rolling in over the city.

The dust cloud appeared over 50 metres high (164ft) and covered the city in a few minutes.

According to China Central Television, (http://www.thecover.cn/news/975608) the storm brought down trees, caused damage and reduced visibility to under 600 metres (1,968ft) in the city and under 100 metres (328ft) in suburb area.

Golmud police issued warnings through loudspeakers and flashed emergency lights to remind road users to drive slowly.

Drivers were told to drive at a maximum speed of 25 miles per hour, stated the report.

The sandstorm comes just days after are heavy rainfall pummelled Golmud highlands and regions around Tuotuo River.

Golmud meteorological authority issued thunderstorm alerts today and suggested residents to stay indoors.

Local government has not received any reports of casualties.

[Hervé]

The main "Greenhouse gas," no-one seems to pay attention to, that affects weathers, local and global: Water Vapor (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2015/02/08/thanks-to-the-ipcc-the-public-doesnt-know-water-vapor-is-most-important-greenhouse-gas/):


sZyVnrmcZSY



Related: How They are Controlling the Weather (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?103727-How-They-are-Controlling-the-Weather)

[Hervé]

Talking of the major player in the greenhouse gases family, Water Vapor (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2015/02/08/thanks-to-the-ipcc-the-public-doesnt-know-water-vapor-is-most-important-greenhouse-gas/), the following video provides answers to all sorts of questions regarding the seeding of clouds, the connection with solar activity, earth magnetic and electric fields and why rain can fall "in sheets":


KnwAUVNhU0s

... thanks to the "Electric Universe" perspective :)

... which ties in with the changes in our solar system suspected to be the effects of an interaction with a suspected solar binary twin acting as the other pole of a cosmic capacitor (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?92384-Weird-wild-weather-floods-freak-storms-giant-hail-record-lows-all-over-the-world&p=1238639&viewfull=1#post1238639).

[Deux Corbeaux]

Talking of the major player in the greenhouse gases family, Water Vapor (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2015/02/08/thanks-to-the-ipcc-the-public-doesnt-know-water-vapor-is-most-important-greenhouse-gas/), the following video provides answers to all sorts of questions regarding the seeding of clouds, the connection with solar activity, earth magnetic and electric fields and why rain can fall "in sheets":


KnwAUVNhU0s

... thanks to the "Electric Universe" perspective :)

... which ties in with the changes in our solar system suspected to be the effects of an interaction with a suspected solar binary twin acting as the other pole of a cosmic capacitor (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?92384-Weird-wild-weather-floods-freak-storms-giant-hail-record-lows-all-over-the-world&p=1238639&viewfull=1#post1238639).


Thanks Hervé. I really enjoyed the video and learned a lot.

It deals with:
- not only water, ice and vapor, but a fourth phase of water EZ, the necessary condition for the freezing of water.

- evaporation.

- condensation. What makes clouds?

- precipitation: - rain is pulled towards the earth, it doesn't fall. There is a pulling force that brings it to the earth.

- wind.

- and weather exotica, like hurricanes and tornadoes.

This presentation by Gerald Pollack offers a fresh overview of possible mechanisms of weather. It will propose answers to these questions and offer insights into possible mechanisms of common, as well as exotic, weather phenomena such as hurricanes and tornadoes.
Weather, after all, is a phenomenon centered on water — if EZ (fourth-phase) water exists, then it must play some role in those phenomena. The question we address is how, and Dr. Pollack postulates that charge plays a central role.

The central feature of all of this is 'charge'. Negative charge and positive charge.
We have to realize that it all depends on the electrical charge of the atmosphere and that the universe is really electrical !

https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/

[Hervé]

[...]
Thanks Hervé. I really enjoyed the video and learned a lot.
[...]
We have to thank Paul for its discovery and posting (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?90378-The-Earth-s-Magnetic-Field-Did-Not-Collapse-This-Week&p=1242095&viewfull=1#post1242095) :)

[Hervé]

Mystery in the mesosphere: Noctilucent clouds TRIPLE compared to last August (http://spaceweathergallery.com/indiv_upload.php?upload_id=147310&amp;PHPSESSID=vq5bqnva8a4k7pqf90kgad8vl6)

Spaceweather.com (http://spaceweathergallery.com/indiv_upload.php?upload_id=147310&PHPSESSID=vq5bqnva8a4k7pqf90kgad8vl6)
Thu, 16 Aug 2018 04:06 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/483432/large/Paul_Knightley_image_153436790.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/483432/full/Paul_Knightley_image_153436790.jpg)
NLCs on August 14, 2018 @ Hamnoy, Norway. © Paul Knightley



Anthony Watts Watts Up with That (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/08/15/strange-events-earths-upper-atmosphere-creating-glowing-clouds/?cn-reloaded=1)
Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:50 UTC



Via NASA: extra water vapor in the mesosphere (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/08/15/strange-events-earths-upper-atmosphere-creating-glowing-clouds/?cn-reloaded=1) is creating more glowing nighttime clouds


This summer, something strange has been happening in the mesosphere. The mesosphere is a layer of the atmosphere so high that it almost touches space. In the rarefied air 83 km above Earth's surface, summertime wisps of water vapor wrap themselves around specks of meteor smoke. The resulting swarms of ice crystals form noctilucent clouds (NLCs), which can be seen glowing in the night sky at high latitudes.

And, no, that's not the strange thing.

Northern sky watchers have grown accustomed to seeing these clouds in recent years. They form in May, intensify in June, and ultimately fade in July and August. This year, however, something different happened. Instead of fading in late July, the clouds exploded with unusual luminosity. Kairo Kiitsak observed this outburst on July 26th from Simuna, Estonia:

https://www.sott.net/image/s24/483585/full/noctilucent_clouds_Kairo_Kiits.jpg
Taken by Kairo Kiitsak on July 26, 2018 @ Simuna, Estonia. © Kairo Kiitsak


"It was a mind-blowing display," says Kiitsak.

"The clouds were visible for much of the night, rippling brightly for at least 3 hours."
Other observers saw similar displays in July and then, in August, the clouds persisted. During the first half of August 2018, reports of NLCs to Spaceweather.com have tripled compared to the same period in 2017. The clouds refuse to go away.

Researchers at the University of Colorado may have figured out why.
"There has been an unexpected surge of water vapor in the mesosphere," says Lynn Harvey of Colorado's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP).
This plot, which Harvey prepared using data from NASA's satellite-based Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS (https://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/)) instrument, shows that the days of late July and August 2018 have been the wettest in the mesosphere for the past 11 years:


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/483431/large/mls2_strip.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/483431/full/mls2_strip.jpg)


"July went out like a lion!" says Harvey.
In addition to being extra wet, the mesosphere has also been a bit colder than usual, according to MLS data. The combination of wet and cold has created favorable conditions for icy noctilucent clouds.

Harvey and her colleagues are still working to understand how the extra water got up there. One possibility involves planetary wave activity (https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0231.1) in the southern hemisphere which can, ironically, boost the upwelling of water vapor tens of thousands of miles away in the north. The phenomenon could also be linked to solar minimum, now underway. It is notable that the coldest and wettest years in the mesosphere prior to 2018 were 2008-2009-the previous minimum of the 11-year solar cycle.


SOTT Comment (https://www.sott.net/article/393600-Mystery-in-the-mesosphere-Noctilucent-clouds-TRIPLE-compared-to-last-August):
(https://www.sott.net/article/392167-Late-season-surge-in-Noctilucent-Clouds-produces-stunning-displays)
Late-season surge in Noctilucent Clouds produces stunning displays (https://www.sott.net/article/392167-Late-season-surge-in-Noctilucent-Clouds-produces-stunning-displays)
In 2017 a heat wave in the mesosphere (https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2017/06/15/mystery-of-the-missing-noctilucent-clouds/) melted those crystals, causing a brief "noctilucent blackout." Could something similar, but opposite, be happening now? Perhaps a cold spell in the mesosphere is extending the season. In July an English astronomer reported (https://www.sott.net/article/391334-English-astronomer-reports-photographing-more-noctilucent-clouds-in-past-six-weeks-than-last-three-years) photographing more noctilucent clouds in six weeks than in the last three years.

See also: Are noctilucent clouds increasing because of the cooling climate, and the rise of fireball and volcanic activity? (https://www.sott.net/article/390338-Are-noctilucent-clouds-increasing-because-of-the-cooling-climate-and-the-rise-of-fireball-and-volcanic-activity)


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/483437/large/earth_atmosphere_layers_720x58.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/483437/full/earth_atmosphere_layers_720x58.jpg)


With the rise in rare and unexplained phenomena in our skies, clearly something is changing in our atmosphere:

Changing atmosphere: Red sprites and a blue jet seen above Europe's stormy skies (https://www.sott.net/article/387939-Changing-atmosphere-Red-sprites-and-a-blue-jet-seen-above-Europes-stormy-skies)



Rare green flash sunset photographed flickering into even rarer blue in Norway (https://www.sott.net/article/384282-Rare-green-flash-sunset-photographed-flickering-into-even-rarer-blue)



Strange skies: Red Sprites in Oklahoma, aurora Steve in Canada, iridescent clouds in Illinois and noctilucent clouds in Denmark (https://www.sott.net/article/387232-Strange-skies-Red-Sprites-in-Oklahoma-aurora-Steve-in-Canada-iridescent-clouds-in-Illinois-and-noctilucent-clouds-in-Denmark)



Elusive anti-solar arc captured on film during take off in Sweden (https://www.sott.net/article/386380-Elusive-anti-solar-arc-captured-on-film-during-take-off-in-Sweden)



Sunlight drips through clouds and strange arc of dotted light spotted in sky at Missouri River (PHOTOS) (https://www.sott.net/article/369445-Sunlight-drips-through-clouds-and-strange-arc-of-dotted-light-spotted-in-sky-at-Missouri-River-PHOTOS)



Stunning iridescent cloud captured over Ribeirao Claro, Brazil (VIDEO) (https://www.sott.net/article/376013-Stunning-iridescent-cloud-captured-over-Brazil-VIDEO)

[Hervé]

...

Darn! Who would have ever thought of that!

Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo partly caused by massive volcano 'short circuiting' electrical current in atmosphere, study suggests (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/napoleon-bonaparte-defeat-battle-of-waterloo-volcano-indonesia-france-mount-tambora-sumbawa-a8503116.html)

Samuel Osborne The Independent (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/napoleon-bonaparte-defeat-battle-of-waterloo-volcano-indonesia-france-mount-tambora-sumbawa-a8503116.html)
Thu, 23 Aug 2018 07:00 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/484752/large/napoleon_bonaparte.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/484752/full/napoleon_bonaparte.jpg)

Napoleon tries to lead the final assault by his Imperial Guard at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June, 1815 © Hulton Archive/Getty Images


Heavy rain across Europe played key role in French emperor's defeat at Battle of Waterloo

A gigantic volcanic eruption in Indonesia (https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Indonesia) led to the wet and muddy conditions which contributed to Napoleon Bonaparte (https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/napoleon-bonaparte)'s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/battle-of-waterloo), a study has suggested.

Two months before the battle changed the course of European history, Mount Tambora erupted on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, killing 100,000 people and hurling huge plumes of ash up to 62 miles into the atmosphere.

The electrically-charged ash "short circuited" the ionosphere, the upper atmospheric layer responsible for cloud formation, researchers from Imperial College London (https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/ImperialCollegeLondon) said.

It led to a "pulse" of cloud formation which brought heavy rain across Europe and played a part in the French emperor's defeat.

Lead scientist Dr Matthew Genge said:

"Previously, geologists thought that volcanic ash gets trapped in the lower atmosphere, because volcanic plumes rise buoyantly. My research, however, shows that ash can be shot into the upper atmosphere by electrical forces."
A series of experiments and computer simulations showed charged volcanic particles smaller than 0.2 millions of a metre in diameter could be propelled into the ionosphere during large eruptions.

There, they disturbed electrical currents in the ionosphere, leading to unusual levels of cloud formation and rain, according to the study published in the journal Geology.

Similar disturbance to the ionosphere was reported after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

Dr Genge added:

"Victor Hugo in the novel Les Miserables said of the Battle of Waterloo:

'an unseasonably clouded sky sufficed to bring about the collapse of a world'.
Now we are a step closer to understanding Tambora's part in the battle from half a world away."

Related:
Future volcanic eruptions could cause more climate cooling (https://www.sott.net/article/366514-Future-volcanic-eruptions-could-cause-more-climate-cooling)

=============================================

The above gives a whole new order of magnitude as to the effect of volcanic and cometary dusts over the weather and climate... scary.

[Foxie Loxie]

Amazing conclusions!! Who would have thunk it!! :doh: Shades of The Spanish Armada!! Oh well, we can always blame "God" for what happens! :idea:

[Jayke]

Amazing conclusions!! Who would have thunk it!! :doh: Shades of The Spanish Armada!! Oh well, we can always blame "God" for what happens! :idea:

Funny you mention the Spanish Armada, I was thinking the same thing, and how Queen Elizabeth’s Conjurer, John Dee, was the astrologer/alchemist whom the queen relied on for making political moves on auspicious dates. What if Dee had an understanding of astronomy profound enough, that in the vein of Piers Corbyn (and his Weather Action methodology), could identify the most likely times major storms would be triggered by planetary movements. If you could entice your enemy to attack during those moments, would it not appear as sorcery as the enemies armada gets swept away by the raging waves.

http://www.faena.com/aleph/articles/john-dee-elizabethan-magician-and-metaphysical-guide-to-an-empire/


Even Shakespeare, who knew Dee, based Prospero, the magician protagonist in The Tempest on John Dee, in this, the Bard’s final written work.

Dee is important for many reasons. One is that he found find a way to unite magic and science. As a good magician he inhabited a world between these two frontiers, and in the manner of the great Merlin, he was essential to the creation of the very archetype of the sorcerer, a figure who caught the attention of royalty like few others of his time. Perhaps John Dee’s mind was too advanced for that time. He might also be considered one of the first scientists, at a time when the line between science and metaphysics was only first being traced.

And if they had that technology in the late 1500’s, could the same technology be used to manoeuvre Napoleon to his armies demise several centuries later? The more I read about the Phoenicians, the more I believe they understood this deep understanding of astronomy and it’s relation to earth weather systems, as a way to plan safe sailing routes without encountering ferocious storms.

[Foxie Loxie]

Very interesting, Jayke! Have often wondered about John Dee, myself! I'm beginning to think those who do understand the motions of the solar system are more clued in to what is happening. We have been dumbed down for so many centuries, it is ridiculous!! :facepalm:

[Hervé]

[...]
The electrically-charged ash "short circuited" the ionosphere, the upper atmospheric layer responsible for cloud formation, researchers from Imperial College London (https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/ImperialCollegeLondon) said.

It led to a "pulse" of cloud formation which brought heavy rain across Europe and played a part in the French emperor's defeat.

Lead scientist Dr Matthew Genge said:
"Previously, geologists thought that volcanic ash gets trapped in the lower atmosphere, because volcanic plumes rise buoyantly. My research, however, shows that ash can be shot into the upper atmosphere by electrical forces."
A series of experiments and computer simulations showed charged volcanic particles smaller than 0.2 millions of a metre in diameter could be propelled into the ionosphere during large eruptions.
[...]

https://www.sott.net/image/s24/487033/full/Sarychev_volcano_2009_ISS.jpg
Sarychev volcano © ISS

[Hervé]

Rethinking the mystery of stratospheric cooling (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/09/29/revisiting-the-mystery-of-stratospheric-cooling/)

Anthony Watts
Watts Up With That (https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/09/29/revisiting-the-mystery-of-stratospheric-cooling/)
Sat, 29 Sep 2018 00:00 UTC

This paper claims that stratospheric cooling is the work of "greenhouse gases". Saying: "An extended satellite temperature record and the chemistry‐climate models show weaker global stratospheric cooling over 1998-2016 compared to 1979-1997."


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/490423/large/stratospheric_cooling_524x720.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/490423/full/stratospheric_cooling_524x720.jpg)

Figure 1 from the paper. Time series of global monthly mean temperature anomalies (K) for the period 1979–2016 for the data sets andaltitude ranges stated in thefigure. Anomalies are shown relative to a baseline of 1979–1981. The number of individualensemble members plotted for each model is shown in the legend. The multimodel mean is shown in thick purple.Note that only the CESM1(WACCM), GEOSCCM, ULAQ-CCM, and UMUKCA-UCAM models include the radiative effectsof volcanic aerosols over the hindcast period in the refC2 experiment. Note the UK Met Office SSU data set is shown as6-month averages. (a) SSU channel 3 (~40–50 km). (b) SSU channel 2 (~35–45 km). (c) SSU channel 1 (~25–35 km). (d) MSUchannel 4 (~13–22 km). SSU = Stratospheric Sounding Unit.


Of course, the authors, being biased towards the universal boogeyman of CO2, had only one thing on their minds. But a recent essay by Dr. Tony Phillips suggests the lower solar activity has cooled the thermosphere, which could in turn aid the cooling of the stratosphere:


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/490424/large/atmosphere_layers.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/490424/full/atmosphere_layers.jpg)
Layers of the atmosphere © NASA

https://www.sott.net/image/s24/490425/large/tci_720x374.png (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/490425/full/tci_720x374.png)


From the plain language description of the publication:
A previous analysis by Thompson et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11579) showed substantial differences between satellite‐observed and model‐simulated stratospheric cooling trends since the late 1970s.

Here we compare recently revised and extended satellite temperature records with new simulations from 14 chemistry‐climate models. The results show much better agreement in the magnitude of stratospheric cooling over 1979-2005 between models and observations.

This cooling was predominantly driven by increasing greenhouse gases and declining stratospheric ozone levels. An extended satellite temperature record and the chemistry‐climate models show weaker global stratospheric cooling over 1998-2016 compared to 1979-1997. This is due to the reduction in ozone‐induced cooling from the slowdown of ozone trends and the onset of ozone recovery since the late 1990s.

There are larger differences in the latitudinal structure of past stratospheric temperature trends due to the effects of unforced atmospheric variability.

In summary, the results show much better consistency between simulated and satellite‐observed stratospheric temperature trends than was reported by Thompson et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11579) for the previous versions of the satellite record and last generation of chemistry‐climate models. The improved agreement mainly comes from updates to the satellite records, while the range of simulated trends is comparable to the previous generation of models.
The paper: Revisiting the Mystery of Recent Stratospheric Temperature Trends (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL078035?af=R)

Open access PDF here (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2018GL078035).

Abstract
Simulated stratospheric temperatures over the period 1979-2016 in models from the Chemistry‐Climate Model Initiative are compared with recently updated and extended satellite data sets. The multimodel mean global temperature trends over 1979-2005 are −0.88 ± 0.23, −0.70 ± 0.16, and −0.50 ± 0.12 K/decade for the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) channels 3 (~40-50 km), 2 (~35-45 km), and 1 (~25-35 km), respectively (with 95% confidence intervals). These are within the uncertainty bounds of the observed temperature trends from two reprocessed SSU data sets. In the lower stratosphere, the multimodel mean trend in global temperature for the Microwave Sounding Unit channel 4 (~13-22 km) is −0.25 ± 0.12 K/decade over 1979-2005, consistent with observed estimates from three versions of this satellite record. The models and an extended satellite data set comprised of SSU with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A show weaker global stratospheric cooling over 1998-2016 compared to the period of intensive ozone depletion (1979-1997). This is due to the reduction in ozone‐induced cooling from the slowdown of ozone trends and the onset of ozone recovery since the late 1990s. In summary, the results show much better consistency between simulated and satellite‐observed stratospheric temperature trends than was reported by Thompson et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11579) for the previous versions of the SSU record and chemistry‐climate models. The improved agreement mainly comes from updates to the satellite records; the range of stratospheric temperature trends over 1979-2005 simulated in Chemistry‐Climate Model Initiative models is comparable to the previous generation of chemistry‐climate models.

Related:
Temperatures have dropped to -91°C (-131,8°F) in the stratosphere! (https://www.sott.net/article/374645-Temperatures-have-dropped-to-91C-131-8F-in-the-stratosphere)

===============================================

With a cooling of the stratosphere, dust particles wandering around in the upper atmosphere are more likely to form noctilucent clouds along with persistent contrails (https://www.sott.net/article/221199-Chemtrails-Contrails-Strange-Skies#).

Also, a stronger temperature gradient between surface and stratosphere would account for more weather weirdness...

[yelik]

Interesting video by Anonymous, who seem to be getting better at what they do


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e69tRiptAFU&feature=youtu.be

Weathertec is mentioned in the video - openly provides weather and rainfall management technology – ‘Weathertec’ does not come up on google search – obviously filtered out for me at least

https://weathertec-services.com/technology.html


Geo-Engineering / Chemtrailing ionises the atmosphere which enhances military technologies powered by electromagnetic arrays from facilities like HAAP, some of which are satellite based

[Hervé]

Interesting video by Anonymous...
[...]
Hello yelik,

I moved this post of yours from the "EMFs - Electro Magnetic Fields - pollution: Their lethally detrimental effects and effective counteractive solutions." thread, where it was completely off topic, to this thread where the Weathertech ionization technology correlates with, and corroborates, Gerald Pollack's research (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?101492-Dust-Particles-Influence-On-The-Weather-AND-Earth-s-Climate&p=1242167&viewfull=1#post1242167).

[Hervé]

Earth just narrowly dodged bulk of Draconids meteor storm (http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&amp;day=14&amp;month=10&amp;year=2018)

Space Weather (http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=14&month=10&year=2018)
Sun, 14 Oct 2018 15:33 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/492566/large/streammodel.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/492566/full/streammodel.jpg)

Here it is, showing Earth shooting the gap between two filaments of comet dust


On Oct. 8-9, Europeans outdoors around midnight were amazed when a flurry of faint meteors (https://www.imo.net/draconids-outburst-on-oct-8-9/) filled the sky. "It was a strong outburst of the annual Draconid meteor shower," reports Jure Atanackov, a member of the International Meteor Organization who witnessed the display from Slovenia. Between 22:00 UT (Oct. 8) and 01:00 UT (Oct. 9), dark-sky meteor rates exceeded 100 per hour. In eastern France, Tioga Gulon saw "1 to 2 meteors per minute," many of them shown here in an image stacked with frames from his video camera:

"It was a rare and impressive event," says Atanackov.

It could easily have been 10 times more impressive. In fact, Earth narrowly dodged a meteor storm.

The European outburst occurred as Earth skirted a filament of debris from Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner. If that filament had shifted in our direction by a mere 0.005 AU (~500,000 miles), Earth would have experienced a worldwide storm of 1000+ meteors per hour. These conclusions are based on a computer model of the comet's debris field from the University of Western Ontario's Meteor Physics Group.


https://www.sott.net/image/s24/492572/large/outburst_strip.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s24/492572/full/outburst_strip.jpg)



Western Ontario postdoctoral researcher Auriane Egal created the model and predicted the outburst before it happened. Egal's model was in good agreement with a rival model from NASA, so confidence was high. Meteors seen over Europe came from the larger filament on the right.

According to the models, Earth's L1 and L2 Lagrange points (https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/observatory_l2.html) were both forecast to have storm-level activity--especially L2 which would experience the Earth-equivalent of 4000+ meteors per hour. This prompted NASA to take a close look at the danger to spacecraft.
"The US has four space weather spacecraft at L1: ACE (http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/), SOHO (https://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/home.html), Wind (https://wind.nasa.gov/), and DSCOVR (https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observatory)," says Bill Cooke of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office.

"There is only one operational spacecraft at L2 - the European Space Agency's GAIA (http://sci.esa.int/gaia/) - which was where most of the Draconid activity was expected to take place. GAIA shut down science operations for a few hours around the projected storm peak and re-oriented to turn the hard side of the vehicle towards the incoming debris. All of the spacecraft came through the Draconids without incident, and this shower provided a good test of our ability to forecast meteor activity outside of Earth orbit."
Many readers have wondered if the outburst has anything to do with Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner's close approach to Earth (https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2018/09/10/green-comet-makes-closest-approach-to-earth/) last month.
"No," says Cooke.

"The models show the outburst experienced at Earth was mainly caused by material ejected from the comet from 1945 to the mid 1960's. The meteoroids were more than half a century old."

Related:


Draconids 'dragon meteor shower' blaze across Russia & US skies (https://www.sott.net/article/397977-Draconids-dragon-meteor-shower-blaze-across-Russia-US-skies)
The Golden Age, Psychopathy and the Sixth Extinction (https://www.sott.net/article/227222-The-Golden-Age-Psychopathy-and-the-Sixth-Extinction)
Tunguska, Psychopathy and the Sixth Extinction (https://www.sott.net/article/160925-Tunguska-Psychopathy-and-the-Sixth-Extinction)
Witches, Comets and Planetary Cataclysms (https://www.sott.net/article/217194-Witches-Comets-and-Planetary-Cataclysms)
Of Flash Frozen Mammoths and Cosmic Catastrophes (https://www.sott.net/article/357709-Of-Flash-Frozen-Mammoths-and-Cosmic-Catastrophes)

[Hervé]

A stalagmite may have solved the mystery of the Akkadian Empire's fall (https://www.iflscience.com/environment/a-stalagmite-may-have-just-revealed-what-caused-the-fall-of-a-mesopotamian-empire/)

IFL Science (https://www.iflscience.com/environment/a-stalagmite-may-have-just-revealed-what-caused-the-fall-of-a-mesopotamian-empire/)
Sat, 29 Dec 2018 04:36 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s25/503436/large/extra_large_1545664676_akkadia.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s25/503436/full/extra_large_1545664676_akkadia.jpg)
© Fredy Thuerig/Shutterstock


Stalagmites are upward-growing mounds of mineral deposits that have built up due to water dripping onto the floor of a cave, and they reveal quite the history of a land.

Around 4,200 years ago Mesopotamia's first empire, the Akkadian fell, coinciding with major transformations in Egypt and the Indus Valley, the two other great civilizations of the time. A study of stalagmites in Iran suggests a widespread climatic event may have been responsible for all three.

Civilizations rise and fall for many reasons, and the causes of the Akkadian Empire's demise remain controversial. The coincidence of timing with far away events has led some historians to propose a climatic cause. The nature, and even existence, of this event has been unclear, however, coming as it did in the middle of the Holocene era (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/holocene.php) of largely stable temperatures, with no known upsurge in volcanic activity or change in solar output.

However, when a team led by The University of Oxford's Dr Stacy Carolin (https://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/people/stacy-carolin/) studied a stalagmite from Gol-e-Zard Cave in Iran's Alborz Mountains formed between 5,200 and 3,700 years ago they saw something certainly happened around the relevant time. The team report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1808103115) there were sharp spikes in the amount of magnesium relative to calcium 4,510 and 4,260 years ago, coinciding with slower growth and changes in the stone's oxygen isotopes. These changes lasted 110 and 290 years, respectively before the stalagmite composition returned to previous levels.


https://www.sott.net/image/s25/503439/large/content_1545664206_akkadian.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s25/503439/full/content_1545664206_akkadian.jpg)
© Zunkir via Wikimedia Commons CC-by-SA 3.0


The Akkadian Empire was the first great empire of Mesopotamia, preceding the better known Babylonians and Sumerians. The explanation for its fall has come from mountains on the shores of the distant Caspian Sea.

The industry and mining of ancient civilizations sometimes left its mark (https://www.iflscience.com/environment/thousands-of-years-of-europes-history-are-recorded-in-lead-in-greenlands-ice/) on the planet, but we know of no mechanism by which the Akkadians could have had an impact on such distant caves. Therefore it seems likely that whatever was causing the chemical change brought down the Akkadians, rather than their fall altering the chemistry of distant caves.

The change in the stalagmite's composition appears to be the result of increased dust falling in the mountains, which in turn seems to be a consequence of drier conditions to the west. Today, dry years in the deserts of Syria and Iraq are associated with increased dust deposition in Tehran, just 50 kilometers (30 miles) from Gol-e-Zard. The slow growth of the stalagmite could be a sign of locally drier conditions as well.

Sediments from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman, among other paleoclimatic proxies, have previously been used to suggest western Asia experienced at least one major dry period around this time, but the dating for these was too imprecise to tie them confidently to the Akkadian collapse. The stalagmites, on the other hand, have an error of just 31 years.

There is a major debate among historians as to how much climate change has contributed to civilization collapse - one that has become hotter as it becomes more relevant for us. We don't know why Mesopotamia dried out during this period, but it seems it took down one civilization, and severely affected two others.

[Hervé]

Another contender for the "The Stupid! It Hurts!" award:

(https://thefreethoughtproject.com/harvard-geoengineering-particles-stratosphere/) Harvard has formed an advisory board to begin moving forward with their plan to spray particles into the stratosphere to test the geoengineering method of dimming the sun. (https://thefreethoughtproject.com/harvard-geoengineering-particles-stratosphere/)

Matt Agorist (https://thefreethoughtproject.com/author/savy4/)
August 3, 2019


https://thefreethoughtproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/geoengineering-660x330.jpg


Harvard Scientists Funded by Bill Gates to Begin Spraying Particles Into the Sky In Experiment to Dim the Sun


No, we are not a satire site. We are not a conspiracy theory site. The information you are about to read is factually accurate and 100% real despite the ostensible ‘skeptics’ who claim otherwise. The controversial subject of geoengineering or weather modification – which was popularized, and oversimplified with the term “chemtrails” – is once again stepping from the shadows and into the light of public scrutiny. And it may soon be a reality as Harvard scientists plan first ever experiment to spray particles in the sky to dim the sun.

What was once a conspiracy theory is now the subject of congressional debate (https://thefreethoughtproject.com/geoengineering-goes-mainstream-as-congress-holds-hearing-on-weather-manipulation-tech/), peer-reviewed studies, and now a Harvard experiment. Harvard scientists will attempt to replicate the climate-cooling effect of volcanic eruptions with a world-first solar geoengineering experiment. The university announced this month that it has created an external advisory panel to examine the potential ethical, environmental and geopolitical impacts of this geoengineering project (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07533-4), which has been developed by the university’s researchers.

According to Nature Magazine (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02331-y), Louise Bedsworth, executive director of the California Strategic Growth Council, a state agency that promotes sustainability and economic prosperity, will lead the Harvard advisory panel, the university said on 29 July. The other seven members include Earth-science researchers and specialists in environmental and climate law and policy.

What was once a conspiracy theory will soon be a reality—any day now.

Known as the Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx), the experiment will spray calcium carbonate particles high above the earth to mimic the effects of volcanic ash blocking out the sun to produce a cooling effect.

The experiment was announced in Nature magazine last year, who was one of few outlets to look into this unprecedented step toward geoengineering the planet.
If all goes as planned, the Harvard team will be the first in the world to move solar geoengineering out of the lab and into the stratosphere, with a project called the Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx). The first phase — a US$3-million test involving two flights of a steerable balloon 20 kilometres above the southwest United States — could launch as early as the first half of 2019. Once in place, the experiment would release small plumes of calcium carbonate, each of around 100 grams, roughly equivalent to the amount found in an average bottle of off-the-shelf antacid. The balloon would then turn around to observe how the particles disperse.
Naturally, the experiment is concerning to many people, including environmental groups, who, according to Nature, say such efforts are a dangerous distraction from addressing the only permanent solution to climate change: reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.

The idea of injecting particles into the atmosphere to cool the earth also seems outright futile considering what scientists are trying to mimic—volcanic eruptions. If we look at the second largest eruption of the 20th century, Mount Pinatubo, which erupted in the Philippines in 1991, it injected 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide aerosols into the stratosphere. Scientists from the USGS estimated that this 20 million tons only lowered the temperature (https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/) of the planet by about 1°F (0.5°C) and this only lasted a year because the particles eventually fell to back to Earth.

The Harvard team, led by scientists Frank Keutsch and David Keith, has been working on the SCoPEx project for several years but they haven’t always been in total agreement. In fact, as Nature reported, Keutsch—who is not a climate scientist—previously thought the idea to be “totally insane.” But he’s since changed his mind.

As Nature reports:
When he saw Keith talk about the SCoPEx idea at a conference after starting at Harvard in 2015, he says his initial reaction was that the idea was “totally insane”. Then he decided it was time to engage. “I asked myself, an atmospheric chemist, what can I do?” He joined forces with Keith and Anderson, and has since taken the lead on the experimental work.
Adding to the questionable nature of this experiment is the fact that it is largely funded by none other than Microsoft co-founder, Bill Gates. Gates is no stranger to funding controversial experiments as he’s publicly funded many of them including one that would implant devices into babies to automatically give them vaccines. (https://thefreethoughtproject.com/mit-gates-vaccines-babies/)

While the Harvard team’s experiment may sound like something out of a dystopian science fiction movie, the reality is that it has long been on the table of governments and think tanks from around the world. In fact, just last November, a study published (http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d/meta) in Environmental Research Letters, talked about doing the exact same thing—geoengineering and planes spraying particulates into the atmosphere to curb global warming.

What’s more, that study echoed the sentiments of then-CIA director John Brennan when he addressed the Council on Foreign Relations in 2016, detailing a similar process of spraying chemical particulates in the atmosphere to cool the planet.

At the meeting, Brennan addressed (https://thefreethoughtproject.com/director-cia-stratospheric-aerosol-injection/)instability and transnational threats to global security at a meeting with the Council on Foreign Relations. During his long-winded talk of threats to US interests and how the largely CIA-created ISIL threat is impacting the world, Brennan brought up the topic of geoengineering (https://thefreethoughtproject.com/geoengineering-goes-mainstream-as-congress-holds-hearing-on-weather-manipulation-tech/).
Another example is the array of technologies—often referred to collectively as geoengineering—that potentially could help reverse the warming effects of global climate change. One that has gained my personal attention is stratospheric aerosol injection, or SAI, a method of seeding the stratosphere with particles that can help reflect the sun’s heat, in much the same way that volcanic eruptions do.
Brennan went on to echo the calls from some scientists who have called for (https://theantimedia.org/scientists-say-geo-engineering-sky-necessary-save-coral-reefs/) aerial spraying.
An SAI program could limit global temperature increases, reducing some risks associated with higher temperatures and providing the world economy additional time to transition from fossil fuels. The process is also relatively inexpensive—the National Research Council estimates that a fully deployed SAI program would cost about $10 billion yearly.
Again, this is not some conspiracy theory. Watch him say all of this in the video below starting at the 12:05 marker.


uIQDqxl9FtM
The extent to which Brennan talked about stratospheric aerosol injection shows that he and the CIA have likely been considering this for some time.

Although we are hearing more and more talk about geoengineering, it has been around for a very long time and not just in the realm of conspiracy theories. In fact, scientists have already suggested that it could be going on right now, unintentionally.

Researchers with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are suggesting contrails from airplanes may be inadvertently geoengineering the skies.

Chuck Long (https://cires.colorado.edu/index.php?cID=1824) is a researcher with the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory at the University of Colorado in Boulder. At the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in 2015, Long and his team released their paper, “Evidence of Clear-Sky Daylight Whitening: Are we already conducting geoengineering?” (https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm15/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/59257) The analysis found that vapor from airplanes may be altering the climate through accidental geoengineering.

To be clear, no one here is claiming to be an expert on climate change or the effects of geoengineering. But one thing is clear and it’s the fact that there is still much to be debated and learned before humans deliberately begin altering Earth’s climate. Aside from doing nothing to curb carbon emissions, if we are so quick to jump on this method, it could set off a chain reaction that could prove to be catastrophic.


Related:


Harvard pushing 'Solar GeoEngineering 2017': Chemtrails coordinated by NATO? (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?96855-Harvard-pushing-Solar-GeoEngineering-2017-Chemtrails-coordinated-by-NATO)



Stratospheric aerosol injection (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_aerosol_injection)



Scientists have new plan to fight global warming: Dimming the sun (https://www.rt.com/news/444762-global-warming-dim-sun/)

[Hervé]

Plastic particles falling out of sky with snow in the Arctic (https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49295051)

Roger Harrabin BBC (https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49295051)
Wed, 14 Aug 2019 08:29 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s26/534171/large/_99898749_aplasticfragments.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s26/534171/full/_99898749_aplasticfragments.jpg)
Fragments of plastic are found at high concentrations in Arctic seawater © ALICE TREVAIL


Even in the Arctic, microscopic particles of plastic are falling out of the sky with snow, a study has found.

The scientists said they were shocked by the sheer number of particles they found: more than 10,000 of them per litre in the Arctic.

It means that even there, people are likely to be breathing in microplastics from the air - though the health implications remain unclear.

The region is often seen as one of the world's last pristine environments.

A German-Swiss team of researchers has published the work in the journal Science Advances. (https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/8/eaax1157)

The scientists also found rubber particles and fibres in the snow.


N3q5kUyOyKg

How did the researchers carry out the study?
Researchers collected snow samples from the Svalbard islands using a low-tech method - a dessert spoon and a flask.

In the laboratory at Germany's Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven they discovered far more contaminating particles than they'd expected.

Many were so small that it was hard to ascertain where they had come from.


https://www.sott.net/image/s26/534173/large/_108312371_mediaitem108312370.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s26/534173/full/_108312371_mediaitem108312370.jpg)
The researchers collected samples of snow in flasks © ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT / MINE TEKMAN


The majority appeared to be composed of natural materials like plant cellulose and animal fur. But there were also particles of plastic, along with fragments of rubber tyres, varnish, paint and possibly synthetic fibres.

The lead scientist, Dr Melanie Bergmann, told BBC News:


"We expected to find some contamination but to find this many microplastics was a real shock."
She said:

"It's readily apparent that the majority of the microplastic in the snow comes from the air."
Microplastics are defined as those particles below 5mm in size.

Addressing their potential effects on people, Dr Bergmann explained:


"We don't know if the plastics will be harmful to human health or not. But we need to take much better care of the way we're treating our environment."
The scientists also analysed snow from sites in Germany and Switzerland. Samples taken from some areas of Germany showed higher concentrations than in the Arctic.

How is plastic pollution reaching the Arctic?
The researchers think microplastics are being blown about by winds and then - through mechanisms which are not fully understood - transported long distances through the atmosphere.

The particles are then "washed" out of the atmosphere through precipitation, particularly snow.

A study published in April by a British-French team (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0335-5.epdf) showed that microplastics were falling from the sky onto the French Pyrenees, another supposedly pristine region.

Previously, research groups have found plastics in the atmospheric fallout of Dongguan, China, Tehran in Iran, and Paris, France.

As for where the pollution is coming from, here too there are uncertainties.

The presence of so many varnish particles in the Arctic was a puzzle.

The researchers assume that some of the contamination may have come from ships grinding against the ice. But they also speculate that some may have come off wind turbines.

The fibre fragments may be from people's clothing, although it's not possible to tell at the moment.

Dr Bergmann explained:

"We have to ask - do we need so much plastic packaging? Do we need all the polymers in the paints we use? Can we come up with differently designed car tyres? These are important issues."
Dr Eldbjørg Sofie Heimstad, from the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, who was not involved in the latest study, told me that some of the particle pollution was local and some had drifted from afar.

She said:

"We know that most of what we are analysing up there and measuring are long-range transported pollution coming from [Europe], from Asia, coming from all over the world.

"Some of these chemicals have properties that are a threat for the ecosystem, for living animals."
What does this mean for the Arctic?
The results follow on the heels of our exclusive report last year that the highest concentrations of plastic particles in the ocean were to be found in Arctic sea-ice. (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42947155)

Plastic waste is also drifting for hundreds or even thousands of kilometres to land on remote Arctic beaches. (https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=10155618803818649)

It is depressing news for people who have regarded the far north as one of the last pristine environments on Earth.

At a dog sledding centre near Tromsø in the Norwegian Arctic, one of the staff, Lili, told us:

"It makes me incredibly sad. We've got plastics in the sea-ice. We've got plastics in the ocean and on the beaches. Now plastic in snow.

"Up here we see the beauty of it every day, and to see that it's changing so much and being tainted - it hurts."
================================================

Kept out of the picture: Disintegrating satellites on re-entry.

[Hervé]

'Mystery' eruption that cooled ancient world traced to El Salvador's Ilopango volcano (https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/08/mystery-volcano-cooled-ancient-world-traced-el-salvador)

Katherine Kornei Science (https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/08/mystery-volcano-cooled-ancient-world-traced-el-salvador)
Fri, 16 Aug 2019 08:00 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s26/535367/large/Ilopango_1280p.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s26/535367/full/Ilopango_1280p.jpg)
© NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS; U.S./JAPAN ASTER SCIENCE TEAM


The sixth century was a rough time to be alive: Lower-than-average temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere triggered crop failure, famine, and maybe even the onset of bubonic plague. The ultimate culprit, scientists say, were two back-to-back volcanic eruptions (https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/11/why-536-was-worst-year-be-alive) — one in 536 C.E. and another around 540 C.E. The first likely happened in Iceland or North America. But the location of the second one has remained a mystery — until now.

Researchers studying ancient deposits from El Salvador's Ilopango volcano knew that a massive eruption had taken place there sometime between the third and sixth centuries. That event, dubbed Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ), or "white young earth," sent a volcanic plume towering nearly 50 kilometers into the atmosphere (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377027318303706).

To better pin down the date of this eruption, the scientists collected slices from three tree trunks embedded in TBJ volcanic ash 25 to 30 kilometers from the present-day lake that covers the caldera (above). The tropical hardwood trees likely died after being engulfed by the searing hot, gale-force winds containing the volcanic gases, ash, and pumice that would have swept outward after the eruption.

Back in the lab, the researchers estimated the ages of different parts of the slices by counting their rings and using carbon-14 dating. The multiple measurements yielded much more precise dates than could have been gotten from single measurements.

The three trees all died between 500 and 545 C.E., dates that suggest the TBJ eruption was the mysterious 540 C.E. volcanic event (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.037), the researchers report today in Quaternary Science Reviews. In fact, their dating may be even more precise than that: Based on atmospheric circulation patterns, the researchers estimate that the eruption actually occurred in the fall of 539 C.E. That would help explain the era's ongoing global cooling and famine — and could even shed light on a mysterious, temporary break in monument building (https://eos.org/articles/eruption-in-el-salvador-was-one-of-the-holocenes-largest) by the Maya.


Related:


536 AD: Plague, famine, drought, cold, and a mysterious fog that lasted 18 months (https://www.sott.net/article/400805-536-AD-Plague-famine-drought-cold-and-a-mysterious-fog-that-lasted-18-months)

[Gwin Ru]

Ancient Rome Was Teetering. Then a Volcano Erupted 6,000 Miles Away. (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/science/rome-caesar-volcano.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab)

By Katherine Kornei
June 22, 2020

Scientists have linked historical political instability to a number of volcanic events, the latest involving an eruption in the Aleutian Islands.


https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/06/30/science/22SCI-VOLCANO1/22SCI-VOLCANO1-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale
An 18th-century depiction of the Battle of Actium, in 31 B.C., Johann Georg Platzer, an Austrian painter. The battle is generally seen as marking the end of the Roman Republic, as Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces were defeated by Octavian, who consolidated power to become the first Roman emperor.Credit...V&A Images, via Alamy


Chaos and conflict roiled the Mediterranean in the first century B.C. Against a backdrop of famine, disease and the assassinations of Julius Caesar and other political leaders, the Roman Republic collapsed, and the Roman Empire rose in its place. Tumultuous social unrest no doubt contributed to that transition — politics can unhinge a society. But so can something arguably more powerful.

Scientists on Monday announced evidence that a volcanic eruption in the remote Aleutian Islands, 6,000 miles away from the Italian peninsula, contributed to the demise of the Roman Republic. That eruption — and others before it and since — played a role in changing the course of history.

In recent years, geoscientists, historians and archaeologists have joined forces to investigate the societal impacts of large volcanic eruptions. They rely on an amalgam of records — including ice cores, historical chronicles and climate modeling — to pinpoint how volcanism affected civilizations ranging from the Roman Republic to Ptolemaic Egypt to pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.

There’s nuance to this kind of work, said Joseph Manning, a historian at Yale University who has studied the falls of Egyptian dynasties.
“It’s not ‘a volcano erupts and a society goes to hell.’” But the challenge is worth it, he said.

“We hope in the end that we get better history out of it, but also a better understanding of what’s happening to the Earth right now.”
Sleuthing in Ice


https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/06/30/science/22SCI-VOLCANO3/merlin_173801166_8bddfa02-2717-4268-b9dc-c8f3c565b20c-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale
A sample ice core for use in analyzing the fallout from the Okmok eruption of 43 B.C.Credit...Joseph R. McConnell


Roughly 1,500 volcanoes are potentially active (https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-active-volcanoes-are-there-earth?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products) right now, meaning that they’ve erupted at some point in the last 10,000 years. While scientists today have sophisticated tools to monitor volcanoes, the vast majority of historical eruptions have gone unrecorded, at least by modern scientific instruments. Sussing out those eruptions requires patience and ingenuity, and a willingness to manage a lot of ice.

At the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nev., it’s not unusual to find researchers in puffy parkas and wool hats handling chunks of ice in a minus 4 Fahrenheit “cold room.” Ice cores, typically drilled vertically from glaciers, hide bits of volcanic material that rained down from long-ago eruptions within their layers.

Joseph McConnell, a climate scientist at the institute, and his collaborators are in the business of looking for that debris. Using an instrument they designed and built, they melt the ice and pipe the water into an array of sensors. With hundreds of feet of tubing, the setup looks downright chaotic, but it’s exquisitely sensitive. The sensors pinpoint many substances, including about 30 different elements, and they do so by catching just tiny whiffs.
“They have sensitivities of parts per quadrillion,” Dr. McConnell said.
Volcanic ash, more generally known as tephra, sometimes hides in ice. It’s a special find because it can be geochemically tied to a specific volcano.
“The tephra comes from the magma itself,” said Michael Sigl, a chemist at the University of Bern in Switzerland who collaborates with Dr. McConnell.

“It carries the composition of the rocks.”
Sulfur is also indicative of a past eruption. Sulfur dioxide, a gas commonly belched by erupting volcanoes, reacts with water in the atmosphere to create sulfate aerosols. These tiny particles can linger in the stratosphere for years, riding wind currents, but they, like tephra, eventually fall back to Earth.

The ice also carries a time stamp. Dr. McConnell and his colleagues look for variations in elements like sodium, which is found in sea spray that’s seasonally blown inland.
"By simply counting annual variations in these elements, it’s possible to trace the passage of time," Dr. McConnell said.

“It’s like a tree-ring record.”
Dr. McConnell and his collaborators recently analyzed six ice cores drilled in the Arctic. In layers of ice corresponding to the early months of 43 B.C., they spotted large upticks in sulfur and, crucially, bits of material that were probably tephra. The timing caught the scientists’ attention.

Researchers have previously hypothesized that an environmental trigger may have helped set in motion the crop failures, famines and social unrest that plagued the Mediterranean region at that time. But until now, “There hasn’t been the kind of data that these scholars brought forth to really get those theories into the mainstream,” said Jessica Clark, a historian of the Roman Republic at Florida State University who was not involved in the research.

Gill Plunkett, a paleoecologist at Queen’s University Belfast, set out sleuthing. After extracting 35 pieces of tephra from the ice, she pored over the rock chemistry of likely volcanic suspects. Nicaragua’s Apoyeque. Italy’s Mount Etna. Russia’s Shiveluch.

But it was Okmok, a volcano in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands, that turned out to be the best match, at least on paper. Sealing the deal would require testing two tephra samples — one from the ice and one from Okmok — on the same instrument.

Dr. Plunkett arranged for a tephra handoff at a conference in Dublin. A colleague from the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Kristi Wallace, packed four bags of Okmok tephra in her carry-on luggage. The match was spot on, Dr. Plunkett said. “There are some events that are tricky. With Okmok, there’s nothing else that looks like it.”

Cold and Wet, a World Away


https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/06/30/science/22SCI-VOLCANO2/merlin_173804583_72bcec1a-97ae-4940-a96e-8b6231dfb66c-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale
Okmok erupting in July 2008 on Alaska’s Aleutian Islands.Credit...C.A. Neal/Alaska Volcano Observatory/United States Geological Survey


This eruption was one of the largest of the last few millenniums, Dr. McConnell and his collaborators concluded, and the sulfate aerosols it created remained in the stratosphere for several years. These tiny particles are particularly good at reflecting sunlight, which means they can temporarily alter Earth’s climate.
“They’ve created, for a short term, global cooling events,” said Jessica Ball, a volcanologist at the California Volcano Observatory, who was not involved in the research.
There’s good evidence that the Northern Hemisphere was colder than normal around 43 B.C. Trees across Europe grew more slowly (https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024001) that year, and a pine forest in North America experienced an unusually early autumn freeze (https://www.nature.com/articles/307121a0). Using climate models to simulate the impact of an Okmok eruption, Dr. McConnell and his collaborators estimated that parts of the Mediterranean, roughly 6,000 miles away, would have cooled by as much as 13.3 degrees Fahrenheit.
“It was bloody cold,” Dr. McConnell said.
Rain patterns changed as well — some regions would have been drenched by 400 percent more precipitation than normal, the modeling revealed.

That climate shock came at precisely the wrong time, Dr. Clark said. “This was a period of Mediterranean-wide political, social and economic upheaval.”

These cold, wet conditions would have almost certainly decimated crops, Dr. McConnell and his colleagues said. Historical records compiled by Roman writers and philosophers note food shortages and famines. In 43 B.C., Mark Antony, the Roman military leader, and his army had to subsist on wild fruit, roots, bark and “animals never tasted before,” the philosopher Plutarch wrote (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html).

For a society already reeling from the assassination of Julius Caesar the year before, such trying conditions might have exacerbated social unrest, the researchers concluded. They might even have kick-started transfers of political power that led to the rise of the Roman Empire.
“It’s an incredible coincidence that it happened exactly in the waning years of the Roman Republic when things were falling apart,” said Dr. McConnell, who published the team’s results (https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2002722117) in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Karen Holmberg, an archaeologist at New York University who studies volcanic events and was not involved in the research, said she found the study “compelling and persuasive.”

Unfortunately, the archaeological record doesn’t often record volcanic eruptions, she said, except in cases of very nearby eruptions when there’s an obvious layer of tephra (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/science/vesuvius-eruption-brains-glass.html?searchResultPosition=4). The links in the study are probable, but not definite. “They’re not being heavy handed and saying this is absolutely it,” Dr. Holmberg said.

Nile Interrupted


https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/06/22/science/22SCI-VOLCANO4/22SCI-VOLCANO4-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale
A ninth-century Nilometer in Rhoda Island, central Cairo, Egypt.Credit...Prisma by Dukas Presseagentur GmbH, via Alamy


Around the same time, another great civilization was also feeling the effects of volcanism, including the Okmok eruption. But rather than reeling from climatic variability, this society was being rattled by changes in a critical resource: water.

Egyptian society, before the installation of the Aswan Low Dam in the early 20th century, was anchored by the annual summer flooding of the Nile River. These summer floods, sustained by monsoon rains in the highlands of Ethiopia, delivered irrigation and silt, both critical to Egypt’s agrarian society. “The whole rhythm of the year was built around responding to the flood,” Dr. Manning of Yale said.

But volcanic eruptions, even those on the other side of the world, could have disrupted that flooding, Dr. Manning and his colleagues recently showed. Using records from Cairo’s Nilometer — an octagonal marble column that was used for recording Nile flood height from 622 to 1902 A.D., the team found that flooding tended to be weaker, or entirely absent, during years when there was a large volcanic eruption somewhere in the world.

Dr. Manning and his collaborators next mined roughly 100 papyrus records to qualitatively estimate flooding during the Ptolemaic dynasty, which lasted from 305 to 30 B.C. Again, they found that the Nile typically flooded weakly, if at all, at the time of large eruptions.

The culprit, the team reasoned in a paper published a few years ago (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00957-y.pdf), was cooling caused by sulfate aerosols. When Earth cools after a large eruption, its atmospheric circulation patterns change. That can shift the invisible meeting point of Northern and Southern Hemisphere trade winds — the Intertropical Convergence Zone (https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/itcz) — that affects where monsoon rains tend to fall. When less precipitation falls over Ethiopia, home to a major tributary of the Nile, there’s less water available for flooding that year.

Ptolemaic-era records revealed that this reduced flooding had socioeconomic and political consequences (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/17/science/volcanoes-ancient-egypt-revolts.html). Revolts increased in the years following “Nile failure,” Dr. Manning and his colleagues found. Priestly decrees — intended to establish the political legitimacy of Greek rulers — also became more commonplace.

Reinforcing elite authority during times of turmoil makes sense, Dr. Manning said.
“Bad flooding is interpreted as having a bad king in office.”
Mystery Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions have left fingerprints on other societies, too. They’ve been tied to economic decline (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00527.x) in sixth-century pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and famine-induced migration (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-018-2171-9) in eastern China in the 10th century. Eruptions have potentially helped trigger widespread outbreaks of disease (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14565.pdf), such as the Justinian plague around 540 A.D. Just over a decade ago, an eruption of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull led to the costly closure of a wide swath of European air space (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/17/world/europe/17ash.html?searchResultPosition=7).

Questions persist, however, for geoscientists, historians and archaeologists alike. Having more ice core records might reveal the identities of orphan eruptions, their sulfur signatures in ice cores still unpinned to a parent volcano, said Robert Dull, a paleoecologist at California Lutheran University who studies volcanic eruptions.
“There are still large unsourced mystery eruptions up until the early 19th century.”
A better understanding of how societies were structured is also important. Increased knowledge of trade patterns, for instance, would shed light on how a crop failure in one geographic area would have trickle-down effects throughout a wider region, Dr. Dull said. “You need to understand how human beings were connected.”

Right now, roughly a dozen volcanoes are erupting. In all likelihood, they’re nothing to worry about — it’s doubtful you’ve even heard of them. But every once in a while, there’s bound to be a really big eruption. How its effects ripple around the world awaits to be seen.
“Okmok volcano is not exactly a commonly known threat,” Dr. Holmberg said.

“But then neither was Eyjafjallajökull.”

[DeDukshyn]

 

"A Bill Gates Venture Aims To Spray Dust Into The Atmosphere To Block The Sun. What Could Go Wrong?"

This guy should just tattoo "moron" on his forehead ...

"Microsoft’s billionaire founder Bill Gates is financially backing the development of sun-dimming technology that would potentially reflect sunlight out of Earth’s atmosphere, triggering a global cooling effect. The Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx), launched by Harvard University scientists, aims to examine this solution by spraying non-toxic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dust into the atmosphere — a sun-reflecting aerosol that may offset the effects of global warming.

Widespread research into the efficacy of solar geoengineering has been stalled for years due to controversy. Opponents believe such science comes with unpredictable risks, including extreme shifts in weather patterns not dissimilar to warming trends we are already witnessing. Environmentalists similarly fear that a dramatic shift in mitigation strategy will be treated as a green light to continue emitting greenhouse gases with little to no changes in current consumption and production patterns.

...

Again, these temperature decreases bring with them serious risks. Freezing temperatures in 1815 led to failed crops in near-famine conditions. British scientists have cited stratospheric aerosols from volcanic eruptions in Alaska and Mexico as the potential cause of drought in Africa’s Sahel region. Major disruption of the global climate could bring unintended consequences, negatively impacting highly populated regions and engineering another refugee crisis."


https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/01/11/bill-gates-backed-climate-solution-gains-traction-but-concerns-linger/

[Gwin Ru]

...

... New Study Calls Geoengineering “Planetary Treason” as Earth’s Biosphere is Collapsing Due to Jet-Sprayed Aerosolized Coal Fly Ash (https://healthimpactnews.com/2022/new-study-calls-geoengineering-planetary-treason-as-earths-biosphere-is-collapsing-due-to-jet-sprayed-aerosolized-coal-fly-ash/)

September 15, 2022

Comments by Brian Shilhavy
Editor, Health Impact News


https://healthimpactnews.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/09/Coal-Fly-Ash-Ozone-Killers.jpg


James Marvin Herndon, PhD., from the Transdyne Corporation in San Diego, and Mark Whiteside, the Medical Director of the Florida Department of Health in Monroe County, have just published a study in the “Advances In Social Sciences Research Journal” titled: Collapse of Earth’s Biosphere: A Case of Planetary Treason (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362805618_Collapse_of_Earth's_Biosphere_A_Case_of_Planetary_Treason).

Here is the Abstract:
Earth’s life support systems are breaking down, including the stratospheric ozone layer, which protects all higher life on the planet from deadly ultraviolet radiation. This breakdown is a direct result of human activities including the large-scale manipulation of processes that affect Earth’s climate, otherwise known as geoengineering. We present further evidence that coal fly ash, utilized in tropospheric aerosol geoengineering, is the primary cause of stratospheric ozone depletion, not chlorofluorocarbons, as “decreed” by the Montreal Protocol. The misdiagnosis was a potentially fatal mistake by mankind. Coal fly ash particles, uplifted to the stratosphere, are collected and trapped by polar stratospheric clouds. In springtime, as these clouds begin to melt/evaporate, multiple coal fly ash compounds and elements are released to react with and consume stratospheric ozone. Contrary to the prevailing narrative, the stratospheric ozone layer has already been badly damaged and now increasingly deadly ultraviolet radiation, UV-B and UV-C, penetrates to Earth’s surface. Our time is short to permanently end all geoengineering activities, and to reduce and/or eliminate all sources of aerosolized coal fly ash, including first and foremost the jet-sprayed emplacements into the troposphere that are systematically breaking down Earth’s support systems and poisoning life on this planet.
At the end of the study they conclude:
All geoengineering must cease. All sources of aerosolized coal fly ash must be reduced and eliminated. Tropospheric jet-spraying of coal fly ash and any other particulate matter must cease and desist. That is necessary to salvage what we can of Earth’s vital life support systems, including the stratospheric ozone layer.
Read the full study here (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362805618_Collapse_of_Earth's_Biosphere_A_Case_of_Planetary_Treason).

[Gwin Ru]

...

... Underwater volcano eruption caused global “dimming” that deprived crops of sunlight; more famine and starvation to come (https://www.naturalnews.com/2022-11-10-volcano-eruption-global-dimming-crops-sunlight-famine.html)

Thursday, November 10, 2022 by: Ethan Huff (https://www.naturalnews.com/author/ethanh)

This article may contain statements that reflect the opinion of the author


https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vEn_PwWYIscYH0BKV1k7LQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTY0MDtjZj13ZWJw/https://media.zenfs.com/fr/parismatch.com/8d28503c7faf0d742d086ebda81082c2


(Natural News (https://www.naturalnews.com)) In January, an underwater volcano in the South Pacific called Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai erupted, sending a massive ash plume up into the sky where it reached 187,000 feet. The result was a cloud of darkness that created a global “diming” effect that will probably be felt for years to come with reduced crop yields.


You see, crops need unimpeded sunlight to reach their full potential. And all that persistent ash and water vapor that was left behind from the eruption prevented that sunlight from reaching the earth’s surface.

The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption is said to be the first ever recorded that broke through the third layer of the atmosphere, called the mesosphere. (Related: Hundreds of climate scientists have called for (https://naturalnews.com/2021-01-22-scientists-demand-end-bill-gates-genocidal-solar-dimming.html) Bill Gates’ “sun dimming” projects to be immediately halted.)
“It’s an extraordinary result as we have never seen a cloud of any type this tall before,” said Dr. Simon Proud, who authored a study about the eruption.

“Furthermore, the ability to estimate the height in the way we did, using the parallax method, is only possible now that we have good satellite coverage. It wouldn’t have been possible a decade or so ago.”

Volcanos are much bigger contributors to “global warming” than human activity

More energy than the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated, was released by Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, which blasted 20,000 Olympic swimming pools’ worth of water straight into the stratosphere.

This massive atmospheric river, so to speak, blanketed portions of the earth with sun-blocking moisture, not to mention all the ash and other particulate debris that went soaring.
“Due to the ozone layer absorbing solar ultraviolet radiation, temperatures in the stratosphere and mesosphere actually increase with height,” reports explain about the phenomenon that occurred.
It has been said that a single volcanic eruption blasts more “warming” chemicals into the air than several years’ worth of humans driving vehicles. This makes volcanos the number-one cause of “global warming.” (http://climatesciencenews.com)

Volcanic eruptions are also a major cause of crop-destroying climate change, it would seem, as they interfere with natural sunlight reaching the surface of the earth as intended.

It is important to point this out because too many climate fanatics are oblivious to the fact that nature itself is engaging in climate-destructive behavior – so should we ban nature and force it to go “green?”

Such a question of course makes no sense, but it puts into perspective all the climate lunacy that passes as “science” these days – lunacy that is paid for with your tax dollars, by the way.

The Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha’apai eruption reportedly caused the island kingdom of Tonga to become blanketed in toxic ash that poisoned local drinking water supplies and wiped out at least two villages. Crops were also destroyed in large quantities.

Ocean waves from the eruption also triggered an environmental disaster at an oil tanker offloading near Lima, Peru, which generated a massive oil slick along the coast.
“Just think of all that CO2 being released,” noted a commenter about the greenhouse gases emitted by the Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha’apai eruption. “It really puts the tiny contributions of humans into perspective when compared to nature.”

“Did nobody tell the volcano that it must pay a load of tax if it wants to do that?” joked another person.

“All of this contributes to natural climate changes and there’s nothing we can do about any of it,” noted someone else. “It’s ridiculous to think that we can stop the climate from changing all on its own. We have to just accept it.”
The latest climate-related news coverage can be found at Climate.news (http://climate.news).


Sources for this article include:
DailyMail.co.uk (https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-11386277/Tonga-underwater-volcanic-eruption-produced-highest-plume-RECORD-study-reveals.html)
NaturalNews.com (https://naturalnews.com/2021-01-22-scientists-demand-end-bill-gates-genocidal-solar-dimming.html)

[Gwin Ru]

...

... The UN discusses darkening the skies to combat climate change (https://igorchudov.substack.com/p/the-un-discusses-darkening-the-skies)

Igor Chudov
igorchudov.substack.com (https://igorchudov.substack.com/p/the-un-discusses-darkening-the-skies)
Wed, 01 Mar 2023 00:00 UTC


https://www.sott.net/image/s33/672691/full/1_Sky_dimming_technology_under.jpg
Sky-dimming technology under consideration © UNEP


A new report (https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/41903/one_atmosphere.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) from the UN was just published. It proposes and discusses ways to cool our planet by restricting sunlight and darkening our skies.

What is this about? Why block sunlight, of all things? Let me explain.

The UN is worried about climate change. As the efforts to reduce CO2 emissions are faltering, the UN is looking for more ways to cool the Earth. The UNEP's report (https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/41903/one_atmosphere.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) details ideas called "Solar Radiation Modification," the gist of which is to reflect sunlight and prevent it from heating the surface of our planet.

Here are the main ideas that the UN will consider:

Injecting reflective nanoparticles/sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere (stratospheric aerosol injection)
Brightening of low clouds over the ocean by seeding ocean clouds with submicron salt particles
Using space mirrors, that is, many giant mirrors launched into outer space to reflect sunlight.

The UN explains that should the "global stakeholders" decide to proceed, the skies could be darkened within only a few years:
SRM is the only option that could cool the planet within years. To be effective at limiting global warming, SRM would need to be maintained for several decades to centuries, depending on the pace of emissions reductions and carbon removal. The report does pay lip service to what is undeniable:

This is an untested planetary intervention
There could be disparate effects on certain regions

However, you and I can guess we should not expect a careful, conservative review of such proposals by the UN if the "Covid vaccine" experience is any guide.

Injecting Sulfur Dioxide Into the Sky Was Bad for Us - Now It is Good Again

The report explains:
Major volcanic eruptions, which introduce large amounts of sulphate particles into the stratosphere, provide a natural analogue for SRM deployment (Figure 4). For example, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption caused global annual-mean cooling of about 0.3-0.5°C in the following two years. An SAI deployment would inject aerosols continuously into the stratosphere. It is estimated that continuous injection rates of 8-16 Tg of sulphur dioxide (SO2) per year (approximately equivalent to the estimated injection amount of Mount Pinatubo in the single year of 1991) would reduce global mean temperature by 1°C. An operational SAI deployment could be scaled up to produce global cooling of 2-5°C, albeit with diminishing returns at higher rates of injections. You are probably not a chemist, and neither am I. However, sulfur dioxide was a free byproduct of coal and oil burning, emitted into the atmosphere until recent decades. Environmental activists and authorities concluded that sulfur dioxide was a pollutant gas (https://www.gem.wiki/Sulfur_dioxide_and_coal) contributing to the phenomenon of acid rain and causing significant health problems.

Having been assured that sulfur dioxide was bad for us, we spent billions of dollars eliminating it from coal and oil-burning emissions and building sulfur-capture technology to keep SO2 out of the atmosphere.

Now, it turns out that sulfur dioxide is good for us, and we need to spend even more untold billions to inject it into the atmosphere.

Does this sound stupid to you?

I am sure, however, that investors will earn quite a bit of money from "sulfur dioxide atmospheric injections" right after making billions on "eliminating sulfur dioxide emissions" from coal-burning plants.

Volcano Eruptions Were the Nature's Experiments
The UN document correctly indicates that volcanic eruptions sometimes fill the skies with ash or sulfur, dim the sun for years, and lead to measurable global cooling episodes. The example listed in the report is the above-mentioned Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo), which temporarily cooled our planet by 0.5 degrees C.

However, much darker pages of human history were associated with volcanoes causing catastrophic climate changes.

For example, in 1600, the eruption of the Huaynaputina in Peru caused famines in Europe and led to mass deaths.
In Russia, 1601-1603 brought the worst famine in the country's history, leading to the overthrow of the reigning tsar. Records from Switzerland, Latvia and Estonia record exceptionally cold winters in 1600-1602; in France, the 1601 wine harvest was late, and wine production collapsed in Germany and colonial Peru. In China, peach trees bloomed late, and Lake Suwa in Japan had one of its earliest freezing dates in 500 years. So, such global sun-dimming projects may indeed cause global cooling at the cost of poisoning the atmosphere, causing acid rain, and leading to the collapse of agriculture in several regions of the world.

In addition, blocked sunlight will prevent the uptake of CO2 by plants because converting CO2 into plant matter and oxygen needs sunlight:


https://www.sott.net/image/s33/672690/large/1_Photosynthesis_cycle_Wikiped.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s33/672690/full/1_Photosynthesis_cycle_Wikiped.jpg)
Photosynthesis © Wikipedia


Somehow, the dimmed sunlight inhibiting CO2 sequestration (uptake), and lowering food production, does not bother the proponents of Solar Radiation Modification. And how would solar panels run without the sun?

These are not immediately-actionable plans yet. In some ways, the UN report is exploratory. Nobody is building giant sulfur-dioxide-injecting smokestacks or is launching mirrors into space, as of now.

However, the usual stakeholders, such as Bill Gates, are preparing (https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a35938287/bill-gates-solar-geoengineering-block-sunlight-research/) the right conditions for this to happen:


https://www.sott.net/image/s33/672689/large/1_Dim_Sun_Popular_Mechanics.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s33/672689/full/1_Dim_Sun_Popular_Mechanics.jpg)
© Popular Mechanics


If This Sounds Crazy to You, Do Not Blame Me!
Imagine a hypothetical layperson named Charlie. Charlie is a reasonable, caring, intelligent, but not well-informed individual who has never heard of sky dimming before. Charlie has a friend named Igor, who reads a wide variety of news and uses mostly reliable sources, such as the UN's official documents (https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/41903/one_atmosphere.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) from the UNEP or news magazines such as Popular Mechanics (https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a35938287/bill-gates-solar-geoengineering-block-sunlight-research/).

If Igor informed Charlie that one of the richest men in the world had convinced the United Nations to seriously consider dimming the sky over the entire planet, injecting acid-rain-causing sulfur gas into the atmosphere, and potentially causing famines in some regions, Charlie would consider the messenger, Igor, a crazy conspiracy theorist.

It is not possible! Charlie would say. Take off your tinfoil hat Igor and get a life. That would be Charlie's likely answer to such news. Our leading authorities, Charlie would assert, would certainly never consider forcing the entire world to implement such crazy ideas!

The problem is that these disturbing ideas are completely real. This is not even the first time reckless global plans were implemented with the UN backing.

Those same people just made the entire world take unproven Covid vaccines that saw no long-term testing and ended up not working (https://igorchudov.substack.com/p/was-the-cdc-lying-all-along-about).

Sharing news about these plans is, therefore, a challenge due to the inherent insanity of what the plans propose. I discussed such challenges before, also mentioning sky dimming.

Meanwhile, a path is being laid toward such proposals becoming a reality.

Bill Gates is not messing around. Will his sky-darkening plans come to fruition?


https://www.sott.net/image/s33/672688/large/1_UN_Bill_Gates.jpg (https://www.sott.net/image/s33/672688/full/1_UN_Bill_Gates.jpg)



Source: https://www.sott.net/article/477977-The-UN-discusses-darkening-the-skies-to-combat-climate-change