IGOR PROKHOROV
26th September 2021, 10:23
Today nobody doubts that the world economics will refuse the hydrocarbon fuel and go over to so-called “green” power sources. As such, the Sun/wind are considered as the first option and the wave/tidal as the second option. Nuclear energy still remains an undecided issue and it is not clear how relevant it will be in future.
Unfortunately, both the Sun’s and wind’s greatest shortcoming is unstable energy generation: clouds can cover the sky and wind can die. In order to compensate such gaps in generation of energy, there is a suggestion to use hydrogen be made out of water with the help of electrolysis during the periods of maximum solar and wind activity. Hydrogen, however, is a very difficult energy carrier and can cause numerous problems. First of all, hydrogen can leak into any opening. Second, hydrogen can even leak into solid metal and make it brittle. Third, hydrogen forms an explosive mixture with air even when it is only 7% of hydrogen in the air. Thus, there is a growing danger of hydrogen cylinders explosion due to decreasing metal durability: cylinder is destroyed through internal pressure and released hydrogen explodes.
Nevertheless, we could avoid this danger if we are able to find such energy source that exists in any point of space, exists always, is sufficiently effective and is characterized by stable generation. Such energy sources do exist, but they yet have not attracted scientists’ attention. Those sources are physical fields that are around us such as electromagnetic field of our planet, gravitational field and physical vacuum. For example, gravitational field contains one billion times more energy than cumulative energy of all known deposits of hydrocarbon fuel (coal, oil, gas, shale oil, etc.). Similar figures are characteristic for electromagnetic field. As for the physical vacuum, it contains quadrillion times more energy than gravitational and electromagnetic fields taken together.
It is interesting to note that we constantly use these energies in everyday life and do not know about it. For example, a hydropower plant converts gravitational energy into electricity. When the Sun evaporates water from the surface of seas and oceans, it spends some energy to do it. Exactly same amount of energy is released during steam condensation in top cold layers of atmosphere. Consequently, the Sun leaves the hydrological cycle at the stage of steam condensation. Further on falling raindrops acquire kinetic energy from the Earth´s gravitational field and spend it on erosion of mountain slopes and generation of electricity in our hydropower plants. If we recreated a similar hydrological cycle inside a high tower, we could build gravitational power plants in any part of the planet, even in the desert. Calculations show that it is technically possible and economically profitable.
Nonetheless, use of physical vacuum is a more attractive idea than use of gravitational or electromagnetic fields (it is necessary to make things clear: physical vacuum is not a void, it is a very complex energy-intensive structure that exists in any point of the Universe and just seems to be empty as we do not have abilities to see it). We use physical vacuum when we drive nails. If we try to force a nail into wood using constant pressure, we will spend a lot of energy with minimum results. When we use a hammer, it is enough to hit a nail two or three times and it will get into wood with little to zero energy expenditure. Such effect is explained by the following fact: when a hammer comes in contact with the tip of a nail, it stops short and physical vacuum creates an impact impulse along a nail axis towards wood.
We also observe the physical vacuum effect when our car accelerates. When we hit the gas and start accelerating, our car’s accelerated movement deforms the structure of physical vacuum that surrounds us spending certain amount of energy in the process. In response physical vacuum creates inertia force that drags us back to decrease our speed down to zero and prevent any deformation. When we hit the brakes we deform the structure of the surrounding physical vacuum again, and it again creates inertia force to keep us in the state of steady motion and prevent new deformation. However, we do not spend any energy when we hit the brakes. On the contrary, physical vacuum gives us back the energy it received earlier at the stage of acceleration. Previous experiments have shown that it can give back much more since it contains huge amounts or energy. How much more? It depends on acceleration and deceleration conditions. It is currently known that physical vacuum can return 10,000 times more energy than it received during acceleration stage.
In the late 20th century astronomy acquired two new terms: dark matter and dark energy. Currently the three mostly known theories on the nature of dark matter include the hypothesis of modified gravity, the hypothesis of quintessence, and the hypothesis of cosmological constant. Observations of astronomers favor the hypothesis of cosmological constant. This hypothesis, however, suggests that pressure, density and energy of physical vacuum are nonzero. Astronomers have not yet come to an agreement about pressure, density and energy order of values. Some operate very low values; others talk about ultrahigh values. Our calculations show that physical vacuum values range between 10(72) and 10(112) Joules per cubic meter. By this criterion alone physical vacuum exceeds all and any processes known to astronomers. Formula of the vacuum energy density is E/V = cccc / (8 pi G rr), where c is the light velocity, pi = 3.14, G is gravitational constant, r is electron radius (in this case E/V = 2.45x10(72) J/cub.meter) or Plank´s length (E/V = 1.2x10(112) J/cub.meter).
Vacuum power-engineering era has already started. Currently there are at least three companies in the world offering vacuum energy generators - German company ROSCH INNOVATION, Canadian company NOCA, and American company IEC. There may be another company in Thailand and one more in Malaysia, however, they only operate locally and there is no information on their activities. In the nearest future (one to five years from now) several companies in Russia and Ukraine shall be expected to emerge. Specific capacity of existing generators is not high yet: 0.025 kilowatt/kilogram for an American device, 0.05 kilowatt/kilogram for a German device, and 0.5 kilowatt/kilogram for a Canadian device. That is why these generators are applicable only for stationary power-engineering and cannot be used as transport engines. Nevertheless, use of such generators already allows to stop using hydrogen and turn to batteries with electric engines instead. When powerful compact generators with specific capacity of about 10 kilowatt/kilogram and more (why not?) will be invented, we will even stop using batteries.
To sum it up, it makes no sense to hurry up and develop hydrogen infrastructure not to lose our investments later on. We shall invest money into new revolutionary technologies of new alternative power engineering. He, who will have the power over vacuum energy, will have the power over the world.
Unfortunately, both the Sun’s and wind’s greatest shortcoming is unstable energy generation: clouds can cover the sky and wind can die. In order to compensate such gaps in generation of energy, there is a suggestion to use hydrogen be made out of water with the help of electrolysis during the periods of maximum solar and wind activity. Hydrogen, however, is a very difficult energy carrier and can cause numerous problems. First of all, hydrogen can leak into any opening. Second, hydrogen can even leak into solid metal and make it brittle. Third, hydrogen forms an explosive mixture with air even when it is only 7% of hydrogen in the air. Thus, there is a growing danger of hydrogen cylinders explosion due to decreasing metal durability: cylinder is destroyed through internal pressure and released hydrogen explodes.
Nevertheless, we could avoid this danger if we are able to find such energy source that exists in any point of space, exists always, is sufficiently effective and is characterized by stable generation. Such energy sources do exist, but they yet have not attracted scientists’ attention. Those sources are physical fields that are around us such as electromagnetic field of our planet, gravitational field and physical vacuum. For example, gravitational field contains one billion times more energy than cumulative energy of all known deposits of hydrocarbon fuel (coal, oil, gas, shale oil, etc.). Similar figures are characteristic for electromagnetic field. As for the physical vacuum, it contains quadrillion times more energy than gravitational and electromagnetic fields taken together.
It is interesting to note that we constantly use these energies in everyday life and do not know about it. For example, a hydropower plant converts gravitational energy into electricity. When the Sun evaporates water from the surface of seas and oceans, it spends some energy to do it. Exactly same amount of energy is released during steam condensation in top cold layers of atmosphere. Consequently, the Sun leaves the hydrological cycle at the stage of steam condensation. Further on falling raindrops acquire kinetic energy from the Earth´s gravitational field and spend it on erosion of mountain slopes and generation of electricity in our hydropower plants. If we recreated a similar hydrological cycle inside a high tower, we could build gravitational power plants in any part of the planet, even in the desert. Calculations show that it is technically possible and economically profitable.
Nonetheless, use of physical vacuum is a more attractive idea than use of gravitational or electromagnetic fields (it is necessary to make things clear: physical vacuum is not a void, it is a very complex energy-intensive structure that exists in any point of the Universe and just seems to be empty as we do not have abilities to see it). We use physical vacuum when we drive nails. If we try to force a nail into wood using constant pressure, we will spend a lot of energy with minimum results. When we use a hammer, it is enough to hit a nail two or three times and it will get into wood with little to zero energy expenditure. Such effect is explained by the following fact: when a hammer comes in contact with the tip of a nail, it stops short and physical vacuum creates an impact impulse along a nail axis towards wood.
We also observe the physical vacuum effect when our car accelerates. When we hit the gas and start accelerating, our car’s accelerated movement deforms the structure of physical vacuum that surrounds us spending certain amount of energy in the process. In response physical vacuum creates inertia force that drags us back to decrease our speed down to zero and prevent any deformation. When we hit the brakes we deform the structure of the surrounding physical vacuum again, and it again creates inertia force to keep us in the state of steady motion and prevent new deformation. However, we do not spend any energy when we hit the brakes. On the contrary, physical vacuum gives us back the energy it received earlier at the stage of acceleration. Previous experiments have shown that it can give back much more since it contains huge amounts or energy. How much more? It depends on acceleration and deceleration conditions. It is currently known that physical vacuum can return 10,000 times more energy than it received during acceleration stage.
In the late 20th century astronomy acquired two new terms: dark matter and dark energy. Currently the three mostly known theories on the nature of dark matter include the hypothesis of modified gravity, the hypothesis of quintessence, and the hypothesis of cosmological constant. Observations of astronomers favor the hypothesis of cosmological constant. This hypothesis, however, suggests that pressure, density and energy of physical vacuum are nonzero. Astronomers have not yet come to an agreement about pressure, density and energy order of values. Some operate very low values; others talk about ultrahigh values. Our calculations show that physical vacuum values range between 10(72) and 10(112) Joules per cubic meter. By this criterion alone physical vacuum exceeds all and any processes known to astronomers. Formula of the vacuum energy density is E/V = cccc / (8 pi G rr), where c is the light velocity, pi = 3.14, G is gravitational constant, r is electron radius (in this case E/V = 2.45x10(72) J/cub.meter) or Plank´s length (E/V = 1.2x10(112) J/cub.meter).
Vacuum power-engineering era has already started. Currently there are at least three companies in the world offering vacuum energy generators - German company ROSCH INNOVATION, Canadian company NOCA, and American company IEC. There may be another company in Thailand and one more in Malaysia, however, they only operate locally and there is no information on their activities. In the nearest future (one to five years from now) several companies in Russia and Ukraine shall be expected to emerge. Specific capacity of existing generators is not high yet: 0.025 kilowatt/kilogram for an American device, 0.05 kilowatt/kilogram for a German device, and 0.5 kilowatt/kilogram for a Canadian device. That is why these generators are applicable only for stationary power-engineering and cannot be used as transport engines. Nevertheless, use of such generators already allows to stop using hydrogen and turn to batteries with electric engines instead. When powerful compact generators with specific capacity of about 10 kilowatt/kilogram and more (why not?) will be invented, we will even stop using batteries.
To sum it up, it makes no sense to hurry up and develop hydrogen infrastructure not to lose our investments later on. We shall invest money into new revolutionary technologies of new alternative power engineering. He, who will have the power over vacuum energy, will have the power over the world.