ExomatrixTV
21st August 2022, 02:04
Tom Cruise Vindicated For Viral Rant Against Big Pharma – New Study (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0.pdf):
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Dr. John Campbell (https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-john-campbell-5256223b): "Depression, I was wrong!":
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Depression and serotonin (UK, July 2022)
nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0)
Moncrieff, J., Cooper, R.E., Stockmann, T. et al. The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry (2022).
nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0.pdf (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0.pdf)
The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence We aimed to synthesise and evaluate evidence, whether depression is associated with lowered serotonin Studies included 17 studies, 12 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, 5 other relevant studies Serotonin metabolite, 5-HIAA levels unchanged
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773935 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773935)
Serotonin (neurotransmitter), quickly metabolized Serotonin ----- MAO ------ 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5HIAA) (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) Plasma 5-HIAA, showed no association with depression Cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA, showed no association with depression Plasma serotonin Showed no relationship with depression Several studies of post-menopausal women, revealed lower levels of plasma 5-HT in women with depression, (p more than 0.05) Serotonin receptors 5-HT1A post synaptic receptor In depression (caused by reduced serotonin) expected to show increased activity of 5-HT1A receptors Studies found either no difference in 5-HT1A receptors (between people with depression and controls), or a lower level of these receptors Tryptophan depletion Studies found no effect in healthy volunteers, but weak evidence of an effect in those with a family history of depression Studies of the Serotonin transporter (SERT) gene
frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2019.00172/full (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2019.00172/full)
Serotonin transporter (SERT) is the molecular target of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors As expected, antidepressant treatment reduces SERT Amount or activity of SERT would be expected to be higher in people with depression No evidence of an association with depression, or of an interaction between genotype, stress and depression. Effects of SSRIs on plasma serotonin Lowered serotonin concentration was associated with antidepressant use Sensitivity analyses revealed that antidepressants were strongly associated with lower serotonin levels independently of depression. Discussion This review suggests that the huge research effort based on the serotonin hypothesis has not produced convincing evidence of a biochemical basis to depression. This is consistent with research on many other biological markers We suggest it is time to acknowledge that the serotonin theory of depression is not empirically substantiated Some evidence was consistent with the possibility that long-term antidepressant use reduces serotonin concentration.
Os9IIVd72E8
Dr. John Campbell (https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-john-campbell-5256223b): "Depression, I was wrong!":
TZhgvr2rbwE
Depression and serotonin (UK, July 2022)
nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0)
Moncrieff, J., Cooper, R.E., Stockmann, T. et al. The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry (2022).
nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0.pdf (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0.pdf)
The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence We aimed to synthesise and evaluate evidence, whether depression is associated with lowered serotonin Studies included 17 studies, 12 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, 5 other relevant studies Serotonin metabolite, 5-HIAA levels unchanged
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773935 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773935)
Serotonin (neurotransmitter), quickly metabolized Serotonin ----- MAO ------ 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5HIAA) (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) Plasma 5-HIAA, showed no association with depression Cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA, showed no association with depression Plasma serotonin Showed no relationship with depression Several studies of post-menopausal women, revealed lower levels of plasma 5-HT in women with depression, (p more than 0.05) Serotonin receptors 5-HT1A post synaptic receptor In depression (caused by reduced serotonin) expected to show increased activity of 5-HT1A receptors Studies found either no difference in 5-HT1A receptors (between people with depression and controls), or a lower level of these receptors Tryptophan depletion Studies found no effect in healthy volunteers, but weak evidence of an effect in those with a family history of depression Studies of the Serotonin transporter (SERT) gene
frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2019.00172/full (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2019.00172/full)
Serotonin transporter (SERT) is the molecular target of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors As expected, antidepressant treatment reduces SERT Amount or activity of SERT would be expected to be higher in people with depression No evidence of an association with depression, or of an interaction between genotype, stress and depression. Effects of SSRIs on plasma serotonin Lowered serotonin concentration was associated with antidepressant use Sensitivity analyses revealed that antidepressants were strongly associated with lower serotonin levels independently of depression. Discussion This review suggests that the huge research effort based on the serotonin hypothesis has not produced convincing evidence of a biochemical basis to depression. This is consistent with research on many other biological markers We suggest it is time to acknowledge that the serotonin theory of depression is not empirically substantiated Some evidence was consistent with the possibility that long-term antidepressant use reduces serotonin concentration.