Genetc experiment - Neanderthals

[MariaDine]

Neanderthal Males Had Popeye-Like Arms
Arm bone remains show that Neanderthals were unusually pumped up on male hormones, possibly due to an all-meat diet. By Jennifer Viegas


Tue Jul 6, 2010 07:55 AM ET

THE GIST

Remains of an early Neanderthal from Russia suggests these hominids had "peculiar" hormones.
Neanderthal's unique hormonal status resulted in very strong males.
Genes, climate and an all-meat diet likely led to their unusual hormonal status.
enlarge Neanderthal males had unusually strong upper arms, particularly on the right side, research shows. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to come face-to-face with a human ancestor?
Remains of an early Neanderthal with a super strong arm suggest that Neanderthal fellows were heavily pumped up on male hormones, possessing a hormonal status unlike anything that exists in humans today, according to a recent paper.

Neanderthal males probably evolved their ultra macho ways due to lifestyle, genes, climate and diet factors, suggests the study, published in the journal Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia.


Project leader Maria Mednikova told Discovery News that Neanderthal males hunted in the "extreme," helping to beef up one arm.

"The common method for killing animals was direct contact with the victim," said Mednikova, a professor in the Institute of Archaeology at the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Instead of shooting prey, such as mammoths, with a bow and arrow from a distance, Neanderthal males would engage in face-to-face contact, jabbing long, thick spears directly into the animal's flesh.

Neanderthal females weren't delicate creatures either.

Mednikova and her colleagues believe that "compared to anatomically modern humans, (both male and female Neanderthals) had a larger muscle mass and experienced a higher loading on the upper extremity than did Homo sapiens." Also, "they differed from modern humans by a greater functional difference between the sexes in the use of the right arm."

Neanderthal males had Popeye-type right arms, while Neanderthal females had arms that were more evenly matched and not nearly as muscular.

Mednikova and her team analyzed a fossil humerus (long bone that extends from the shoulder to the elbow) for what they believe was an Neanderthal male that might have lived around 100,000 years ago in what is now Khvalynsk, Russia. The bone was put through computerized tomography, X-rays and other analysis.



The fossil displays an unusual mixture of thickened walls with narrow bone marrow region cavities. This, according to the scientists, suggests "intense mineralization" provided for the strong, sturdy bone structure, with the inner narrowness "based on a stronger shaft architecture requiring much less mineralization."

The mixture is puzzling, because "Neanderthals demonstrate a markedly androgenic constitution," meaning they seemed to have a lot of steroids, yet these same hormones can cause reduced mineralization.



As a result, the researchers say "Neanderthals were characterized not only by peculiar biomechanical adaptations, but also by a specific hormonal condition which has no close parallels among modern human hormonal conditions either normal or pathological."

This condition might have evolved as a result of inherited genes, life in an often cold, northern climate, and an almost all-meat diet.


Mednikova and her colleagues explained that edible plants in colder regions were few and far between, and the vegetation period was short. With little fruit and vegetables, the Neanderthals became "specialized hunters who hunted terrestrial herbivores," such as mammoths and forest deer. Their diet then consisted "nearly exclusively of proteins and lipids," which must have affected their hormones and bones.


http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/neanderthal-hormones-strong-arms.html

[Caren]

Hello Maria,
Interesting. Thanks for the new knowledge,
caren

[observer]

An interesting topic, MariaDine, and another opportunity to show evidence that we are all being lied to....

What is presented in this article on Neanderthal Man is more evidence tampering from what may be called the "Oxford Template" of knowledge. The fact still remains that if one were to place a Neanderthal skeleton next to one from Homo Sapiens, one would not be able to find a single bone that matches, yet we are being told Homo Sapiens evolved from Neanderthal.

The evidence will show Neanderthal is a hominid, an example of what we now know as Bigfoot, Sasquatch, Yeti, and others. The evidence will also show Homo Sapiens were a genetic manipulation, and in no way a natural "evolution" of the Hominidae. From the evidence, one can only conclude that Homo Sapiens are not the extant living example of this "alleged" evolution. The unanswered question is, who/what manipulated the genes?

Please watch the video through to the end before formulating an opinion on what I have presented here:

Lloyd Pye - Everything You Know Is Wrong - http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3774826273361091975#docid=1285345463618889531

[heyokah]

An interesting topic, MariaDine, and another opportunity to show evidence that we are all being lied to....

What is presented in this article on Neanderthal Man is more evidence tampering from what may be called the "Oxford Template" of knowledge. The fact still remains that if one were to place a Neanderthal skeleton next to one from Homo Sapiens, one would not be able to find a single bone that matches, yet we are being told Homo Sapiens evolved from Neanderthal.

The evidence will show Neanderthal is a hominid, an example of what we now know as Bigfoot, Sasquatch, Yeti, and others. The evidence will also show Homo Sapiens were a genetic manipulation, and in no way a natural "evolution" of the Hominidae. From the evidence, one can only conclude that Homo Sapiens are not the extant living example of this "alleged" evolution. The unanswered question is, who/what manipulated the genes?

Please watch the video through to the end before formulating an opinion on what I have presented here:

Lloyd Pye - Everything You Know Is Wrong - http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3774826273361091975#docid=1285345463618889531

Thanks for your input dear friend.
So I'll have to work myself through this Zechara Sitchin video after all and then finish this one. :confused:;)

[MariaDine]

Thank you for the link, Observer ! :)


Very interessing video.

L. P. tries yo get answers based on very limited available data.

Tibetan monks have very ancient written testemonials of the Yeti existence. Acording to them, very few remained after a climate change. The Yeti is described has being very shy and taking refuge in caves and underground.

He is correct about the «Misssing link».


Just look of what Wikipedia says.

«The term tends to be used in the popular media, but is avoided in the scientific press as it relates to the links in the great chain of being, a pre-evolutionary concept now abandoned.

In reality, the discovery of more and more transitional fossils continues to add to knowledge of evolutionary transitions, making many of the "missing links" missing no more (see List of transitional fossils)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transitional_fossils (see the info near the end of the page)

The term "missing links" was used by Charles Lyell in a somewhat different way in his Elements of Geology of 1851, but was popularized in its present meaning by its appearance in Lyell's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863, p. xi.

By that time geologists had abandoned a literal Biblical account and it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity, a view Lyell's Elements presented.

His Antiquity of Man drew on new findings to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past.

Lyell's vivid writing fired the public imagination, inspiring Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth, and Louis Figuier's 1867 second edition of La Terre avant le déluge which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes, in place of the Garden of Eden shown in the 1863 edition.

The idea of a "missing link" between humans and so-called "lower" animals remains lodged in the public imagination.

The concept was fuelled by the discovery of Australopithecus africanus (Taung Child), Java Man, Homo erectus, Sinanthropus pekinensis (Peking Man) and other Hominina fossils».

[MariaDine]

http://www.history.com/videos/engineering-an-empire-how-were-the-pyramids-built#engineering-an-empire-engineering-an-empire---pyramid


The probable...

[MariaDine]

http://www.history.com/videos/engineering-an-empire-how-were-the-pyramids-built#engineering-an-empire-engineering-an-empire---pyramid

[MariaDine]

What do you think about these hipothesis ??


?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMlnCgz_Czk

[MariaDine]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMlnCgz_Czk


Now take a look what is needed to re erect the Axum obelisk . it was returned to Ethiopia by Italia , who took it during Mussolinni time.

[MariaDine]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkPpY0Tw1Gw&feature=channel


Sorry... I am having problems posting the videos.

[MariaDine]

Another recent piece of news ....a cientific puzzle...

Published online 24 March 2010

News

Fossil finger points to new human species

DNA analysis reveals lost relative from 40,000 years ago.

Rex Dalton

In the summer of 2008, Russian researchers dug up a sliver of human finger bone from an isolated Siberian cave.

The team stored it away for later testing, assuming that the nondescript fragment came from one of the Neanderthals who left a welter of tools in the cave between 30,000 and 48,000 years ago. Nothing about the bone shard seemed extraordinary.


A finger bone found in Denisova Cave in Siberia could add a branch to the human family tree.B. VIOLAIts genetic material told another story.

When German researchers extracted and sequenced DNA from the fossil, they found that it did not match that of Neanderthals — or of modern humans, which were also living nearby at the time.

The genetic data, published online in Nature1, reveal that the bone may belong to a previously unrecognized, extinct human species that migrated out of Africa long before our known relatives.

"This really surpassed our hopes," says Svante Pääbo, senior author on the international study and director of evolutionary genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. "I almost could not believe it. It sounded too fantastic to be true."

Researchers not involved in the work applauded the findings but cautioned against drawing too many conclusions from a single study. "With the data in hand, you cannot claim the discovery of a new species," says Eske Willerslev, an evolutionary biologist and director of the Centre for GeoGenetics at the University of Copenhagen.

“I almost could not believe it. It sounded too fantastic to be true.”


If further work does support the initial conclusions, the discovery would mark the first time that an extinct human relative had been identified by DNA analysis. It would also suggest that ice-age humans were more diverse than had been thought.

Since the late nineteenth century, researchers have known that two species of Homo — Neanderthals and modern humans — coexisted during the later part of the last ice age. In 2003, a third species, Homo floresiensis, was discovered on the island of Flores in Indonesia, but there has been no sign of this tiny 'hobbit' elsewhere.

The relative identified in Siberia, however, raises the possibility that several Homo species ranged across Europe and Asia, overlapping with the direct ancestors of modern people.

The Siberian site in the Altai Mountains, called Denisova Cave, was already known as a rich source of Mousterian and Levallois artefacts, two styles of tool attributed to Neanderthals. For more than a decade, Russian scientists from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology in Novosibirsk have been searching for the toolmakers' bones.

They discovered several bone specimens, handling each potentially important new find with gloves to prevent contamination with modern human DNA. The bones' own DNA could then be extracted and analysed.

When the finger bone was discovered, "we didn't pay special attention to it", says archaeologist Michael Shunkov of the Novosibirsk institute. But Pääbo had established a relationship with the Russian team years before to gather material for genetic testing from ice-age humans.

After obtaining the bone, the German team extracted the bone's genetic material and sequenced its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) — the most abundant kind of DNA and the best bet for getting an undegraded sequence from ancient tissue.

After re-reading the mtDNA sequences an average of 156 times each to ensure accuracy, the researchers compared them with the mtDNA genomes of 54 modern humans, a 30,000-year-old modern human found in Russia and six Neanderthals. The Denisova Cave DNA fell into a class of its own.

Although a Neanderthal mtDNA genome differs from that of Homo sapiens at 202 nucleotide positions on average, the Denisova Cave sample differed at an average of 385 positions.

The differences imply that the Siberian ancestor branched off from the human family tree a million years ago, well before the split between modern humans and Neanderthals. If so, the proposed species must have left Africa in a previously unknown migration, between that of Homo erectus 1.9 million years ago and that of the Neanderthal ancestor Homo heidelbergensis, 300,000 to 500,000 years ago.

Study author Johannes Krause, also at the Max Planck Institute in Leipzig, says that the researchers are now generating nuclear DNA sequences from the bone with the hope of sequencing its entire genome. If they are successful, it would be the oldest human genome sequenced, eclipsing that of the 4,000-year-old Eskimo from Greenland that Willerslev and his colleagues reported last month.

A complete genome might also enable the researchers to give the proposed new species a formal name. They had originally planned to do so on the basis of the mtDNA genome. But they opted to wait until more bones are found — or until the DNA gives a clearer picture of its relationship to modern humans and Neanderthals.

Willerslev emphasizes that, on its own, the mtDNA evidence does not verify that the Siberian find represents a new species because mtDNA is inherited only from the mother. It is possible that some modern humans or Neanderthals living in Siberia 40,000 years ago had unusual mtDNA, which may have come from earlier interbreeding among H. erectus, Neanderthals, archaic modern humans or another, unknown species of Homo. Only probes of the nuclear DNA will properly define the position of the Siberian relative in the human family tree.


Anthropologists also want to see more-refined dating of the sediments and a better description of the finger bone itself. "I haven't seen a picture of the bone, and would like to," says Owen Lovejoy, an anthropologist at Kent State University in Ohio.

"The stratigraphic age for the bone is 30,000 to 48,000 years old, but the mtDNA age could be as old as H. erectus," says Lovejoy. "That doesn't tell us much about human evolution unless it truly represents a surviving ancient species."

The cave has yielded few clues about the culture of the Siberian hominin, although a fragment of a polished bracelet with a drilled hole was found earlier in the same layer that yielded the bone.

Pääbo suspects that other human ancestors — and new mysteries — may emerge as geneticists grind up more ancient bones for sequencing. "It is fascinating that molecular studies make a contribution in palaeontology where there is little or no morphology preserved," he says. "It is clear we stand just in the beginning of many fascinating developments."

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100324/full/464472a.html

[Humble Janitor]

It's so obvious that humans were genetically-engineered. The question is, by whom?

And if there were more species, it's obvious that several were wiped out nearly to extinction to get the modern human. Isn't it possible that bigfoot/yeti/sasquatch are actually lost human species that somehow still exist?

[MariaDine]

And if you like the subject , here is the link of an american antropologist.

http://johnhawks.net/weblog/reviews/neandertals/neandertal_dna/denisova-krause-2010.html