Hughe
2nd January 2014, 00:09
The author uses four hundred references to support the LMH (Liquid Metallic Hydrogen) sun model going back to 18 century's theories.
Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter — The Sun on Trial:
Liquid Metallic Hydrogen as a Solar Building Block (http://www.ptep-online.com/index_files/2013/PP-35-16.PDF)
Pierre-Marie Robitaille
Finally, a conclusion must inevitably be drawn. Can a
gaseous Sun truly survive, based solely on mathematical ar-
guments, when not a single observational line of evidence
lends it support? In the end, such an arsenal of observational
proofs has been supplied that there can be little doubt in the
answer. Formulas can never supersede observational findings.
Hence, only a single verdict can be logically rendered. The
Sun must be comprised of condensed matter.
The consequences are far reaching. They call for a new
beginning in astronomy. Nonetheless, there is hope that a
reformulation of astrophysics can bring with it a wealth of
knowledge and discovery. As scientists turn their thoughts to
a condensed Sun, may they renew their fervor in the pursuit
and understanding of stellar observations.
Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter
I. Planckian Lines of Evidence §2 p. 92
1. Solar Spectrum §2.3.1 p. 95
2. Limb Darkening §2.3.2 p. 97
3. Sunspot Emissivity §2.3.3 p. 98
4. Granular Emissivity §2.3.4 p. 100
5. Facular Emissivity §2.3.5 p. 101
6. Chromospheric Emissivity §2.3.6 p. 102
7. K-Coronal Emissivity §2.3.7 p. 103
8. Coronal Structure Emissivity §2.3.8 p. 103
II. Spectroscopic Lines of Evidence §3 p. 104
9. UV/X-ray Line Intensity §3.1 p. 104
10. Gamma-Ray Emission §3.2 p. 104
11. Lithium Abundances §3.3 p. 105
12. Hydrogen Emission §3.4 p. 106
13. Elemental Emission §3.5 p. 108
14. Helium Emission §3.6 p. 109
15. Fraunhofer Absorption §3.7 p. 112
16. Coronal Emission §3.8 p. 112
III. Structural Lines of Evidence §4 p. 114
17. Solar Collapse §4.1 p. 114
18. Density §4.2 p. 115
19. Radius §4.3 p. 115
20. Oblateness §4.4 p. 115
21. Surface Imaging §4.5 p. 116
22. Coronal Holes/Rotation §4.6 p. 116
23. Chromospheric Extent §4.7 p. 117
24. Chromospheric Shape §4.8 p. 118
IV. Dynamic Lines of Evidence §5 p. 118
25. Surface Activity §5.1 p. 118
26. Orthogonal Flows §5.2 p. 121
27. Solar Dynamo §5.3 p. 121
28. Coronal Rain §5.4 p. 122
29. Coronal Loops §5.5 p. 123
30. Chromospheric Condensation §5.6 p. 124
31. Splashdown Events §5.7 p. 125
32. Solar Winds and the Solar Cycle §5.8 p. 125
V. Helioseismic Lines of Evidence §6 p. 127
33. Solar Body Oscillations §6.1 p. 127
34. Mass Displacement §6.2 p. 128
35. Higher Order Shape §6.3 p. 129
36. Tachocline and Convective Zones §6.4 p. 129
37. Solar Core §6.5 p. 129
38. Atmospheric Seismology §6.6 p. 129
VI. Elemental Lines of Evidence §7 p. 129
39. Nucleosynthesis §7.1 p. 129
VII. Earthly Lines of Evidence §8 p. 130
40. Climatic §8.1 p. 131
Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter — The Sun on Trial:
Liquid Metallic Hydrogen as a Solar Building Block (http://www.ptep-online.com/index_files/2013/PP-35-16.PDF)
Pierre-Marie Robitaille
Finally, a conclusion must inevitably be drawn. Can a
gaseous Sun truly survive, based solely on mathematical ar-
guments, when not a single observational line of evidence
lends it support? In the end, such an arsenal of observational
proofs has been supplied that there can be little doubt in the
answer. Formulas can never supersede observational findings.
Hence, only a single verdict can be logically rendered. The
Sun must be comprised of condensed matter.
The consequences are far reaching. They call for a new
beginning in astronomy. Nonetheless, there is hope that a
reformulation of astrophysics can bring with it a wealth of
knowledge and discovery. As scientists turn their thoughts to
a condensed Sun, may they renew their fervor in the pursuit
and understanding of stellar observations.
Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter
I. Planckian Lines of Evidence §2 p. 92
1. Solar Spectrum §2.3.1 p. 95
2. Limb Darkening §2.3.2 p. 97
3. Sunspot Emissivity §2.3.3 p. 98
4. Granular Emissivity §2.3.4 p. 100
5. Facular Emissivity §2.3.5 p. 101
6. Chromospheric Emissivity §2.3.6 p. 102
7. K-Coronal Emissivity §2.3.7 p. 103
8. Coronal Structure Emissivity §2.3.8 p. 103
II. Spectroscopic Lines of Evidence §3 p. 104
9. UV/X-ray Line Intensity §3.1 p. 104
10. Gamma-Ray Emission §3.2 p. 104
11. Lithium Abundances §3.3 p. 105
12. Hydrogen Emission §3.4 p. 106
13. Elemental Emission §3.5 p. 108
14. Helium Emission §3.6 p. 109
15. Fraunhofer Absorption §3.7 p. 112
16. Coronal Emission §3.8 p. 112
III. Structural Lines of Evidence §4 p. 114
17. Solar Collapse §4.1 p. 114
18. Density §4.2 p. 115
19. Radius §4.3 p. 115
20. Oblateness §4.4 p. 115
21. Surface Imaging §4.5 p. 116
22. Coronal Holes/Rotation §4.6 p. 116
23. Chromospheric Extent §4.7 p. 117
24. Chromospheric Shape §4.8 p. 118
IV. Dynamic Lines of Evidence §5 p. 118
25. Surface Activity §5.1 p. 118
26. Orthogonal Flows §5.2 p. 121
27. Solar Dynamo §5.3 p. 121
28. Coronal Rain §5.4 p. 122
29. Coronal Loops §5.5 p. 123
30. Chromospheric Condensation §5.6 p. 124
31. Splashdown Events §5.7 p. 125
32. Solar Winds and the Solar Cycle §5.8 p. 125
V. Helioseismic Lines of Evidence §6 p. 127
33. Solar Body Oscillations §6.1 p. 127
34. Mass Displacement §6.2 p. 128
35. Higher Order Shape §6.3 p. 129
36. Tachocline and Convective Zones §6.4 p. 129
37. Solar Core §6.5 p. 129
38. Atmospheric Seismology §6.6 p. 129
VI. Elemental Lines of Evidence §7 p. 129
39. Nucleosynthesis §7.1 p. 129
VII. Earthly Lines of Evidence §8 p. 130
40. Climatic §8.1 p. 131