A Voice from the Mountains
17th November 2014, 20:37
The Myths of the North American Indians
by Lewis Spence (1914)
These notes represent only some curiosities taken from this volume, a modern reissue of a book which was originally published in 1914.
Summary of Various Tribes
The Iroquois
Tribes encompassed by the name “Iroquois” include the Huron, Tuscarora, Susquehannock & Nottoway tribes, amongst others, but the Iroquois Confederacy consisted of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga & Seneca tribes. The Cherokee are believed to have been an “early offshoot” of these people. Iroquois occupied land from the St. Lawrence to Roanoke rivers. [The Cherokee themselves, according to at least one account, believe that they originally came from an island. For more information on this see, the book notes for Lost Worlds of Ancient America, under chapter 23, “The Walls of Poseidon.”]
The Algonquins
The Algonquin tribes covered a large swath of North America, surrounding the Iroquois tribes & extending from NE Canada & Maine to the Rocky Mountains in the west & to the south into Virginia, from along the Atlantic Coast to present-day Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, etc. They were generally considered “milder” than the Iroquois, but were also often enemies of the Iroquois in war. Unlike the Iroquois, the Algonquin tribes were friendly with the French & often at war with the English. They practiced agriculture & possessed some massive plantations in some areas, for ex. along the Maumee River to Lake Erie. They taught settlers to make hominy, maple sugar, succotash & johnny cakes.
The Muskhogean
These people, including the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, & Seminole tribes, occupied the Gulf states that are now Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, & portions of Tennessee. They were also agricultural, & practiced artificial skull deformation, leading to them being called “flat-heads.”
The Sioux
The Santee, Yankton, Assiniboin & Teton tribes stretched from Saskatchewan to Louisiana. They were renowned for their courage, intellect & physical ability, & were commonly polygamous.
The Caddoan Family
There are three geographic groups here: the Arikara in the north, the Pawnee Confederacy in the middle (around Nebraska), & the Caddo, Kichal & Wichita in the south, overall from North Dakota to Oklahoma. They were loosely confederated & practiced agriculture as well as hunting.
The Shoshoneans
Meaning “snake” people, occupying modern-day Nevada, Utah & Idaho, these were the Root-Diggers Comanches & other tribes “of low culture.” Their language is apparently related to that of the Aztec.
The Athapascans
These people spanned from the Pacific to the Hudson Bay, on the West Coast from Alaska through Oregon, California, New Mexico, to Mexico, east into Colorado, Utah, Kansas, & NW Canada. They include the Apache, Navaho [Navajo] & Lipon tribes. This is the most widely-distributed native linguistic family.
Various Native American Traditions
An Indian Girl's Vigil [Reads like a Native American version of a classic UFO / ET abduction experience.]
A story is related of a girl, Catherine Wabose, taking her symbolic vigil for passing into womanhood. This involved a fast of several days, & on the 5th day of fasting she heard a “superhuman voice,” which led her to meet an “Everlasting Standing Woman” that conferred a “supernatural” name upon the girl. Then she met the “Little Man Spirit” who gave her the name of her future son. Then the “Bright Blue Sky” gave her “the gift of life,” after which she was “encircled by bright points of light and by sharp, painless instruments, but, mounting upon a fish-like animal, she swam through the air back to her lodge.” The story relates that this “vision” was repeated on the 6th day, & that on the 7th “she beheld a large round object like a stone descend from the sky and enter the lodge. It conferred upon her the gift of prophecy, and…she assumed the rank of a prophetess upon her return to the tribe.”
Animism & Totemism
Natives generally viewed everything, from the wind, rocks & trees, even to abstract concepts like darkness, to be living things that possessed some degree of consciousness that may be interpreted by able men or women. They also generally considered themselves kin to the various animals & sometimes took clan distinctions from animals & considered a particular animal to be the grandfather of a particular tribe & be sacred to it. This clan distinction could be almost equivalent to a last name/family distinction & is similar to the customs of the ancient Scots (Picts).
Serpents
Snakes are commonly symbols of wisdom to the natives. To the Algonquins & Dakotas the words “manito” & “wakan” designate both the supernatural, & the rattlesnake. Lightning was associated with the serpent, & since lightning storms occur most frequently during the heat of the summer, the serpent is also associated with vegetation & the growth of crops. Pawnees called thunder the “hissing of the great snake.” Native “magicians” were familiar with the ability to entrance rattlesnakes with rhythmic sounds & handle them. The rattlesnake was appreciated for being slow to attack but extremely venomous.
Pipes & Smoking
According to many tribes a certain “Pipe-stone Quarry” was designated specifically for acquiring stone from which to make pipes. Stone from this one region, near the “extreme source” of the “Big Sioux” which feeds into the Missouri, has been found by an explorer named Catlin to have been used by about 40 tribes, covering thousands of miles, & pilgrimages were often made to acquire this stone. Smoking is very sacred to the natives & is used to initiate & conclude treaty negotiations & etc.; it was according to some traditions given to man by one of the various great spiritual beings.
[Pages 125 & 126 are missing from this reproduction of the original 1914 edition. Maybe something interesting?]
Natives app. believed people can reincarnate after passing on if they so choose. They also believed in the ability to journey to the “other world” while still alive.
Times & Festivals
Different tribes used different means of keeping track of time. Annual celebrations marked seasonal changes, maturation of crops, etc. Most tribes made use of the Moon for recording time & counted 12 to 13, or even 12½ moons (lunar cycles) to a year, & named them based on significant events or characteristics of that time of year. The new year generally fell for them at the beginning of spring.
The Iroquois
Hi'nun
Hi'nun is/was a thunder-god, brother of West Wind, & an ally of the Iroquois in the destruction of the Stone Giants & other enemies in ancient times. According to the Iroquois, man was first introduced with Hi'nun when a hunter was recruited by a group of apparent men, far off the ground, near the clouds, who wanted him to slay a serpent/dragon in the depths of a lake, & gave him special sight in order to do so from high above the ground. The chief of these “men” was Hi'nun.
Hiawatha
Hiawatha is an apparent historical figure, the man who first initiated the negotiations between various tribes that resulted in the Iroquois Confederation, somewhere around the 1300's (according to native tradition) to the 1500's (app. according to European/Anglo-American analyses). Tribal representation in the confederacy (known as the “Silver Chain”) was passed on through matrilineal heredity as with the Picts of Scotland. [For other similarities between the Native Americans and the Scottish Picts, see the book notes for Lost Civilizations & Secrets of the Past, under the chapter “The Micmac and the Picts.” DNA studies also link “pure-blooded” Cherokee to ancient peoples in Europe and the Middle East. For more information on this, see the book notes for Lost Civilizations & Secrets of the Past, under its first section, “Archaeological Scandals.”] When Champlain arrived with the French in 1611 & befriended the Huron people, he simultaneously incurred the anger/antagonism of the Iroquois confederacy & seems to have sealed the fate of French/English colonial competition in North America. Nonetheless the Iroquois tribes were amongst the most peaceful in North America, practiced agriculture & were generally an advanced culture compared, for example, to many tribes farther west, etc.
Stone Giants
The Iroquois believed in an early race of giants, made of stone, who banded together & descended upon human tribes to destroy them in war, but were ambushed & destroyed by West Wind (brother of Hi'nun) when they met the natives in battle.
Pigmies
The Iroquois believed in a race of pigmies, resembling Teutonic gnomes. They were protectors of mankind & responsible for shaping natural landscapes, carving/sculpting cliffs, boulders, etc. An actual, historical race of “pigmies” app. existed & inhabited the Eastern part of North America before the “Red Man.”
Great Head
The Great Head is a malevolent being that the Iroquois believed in, that was simply “an enormous head poised on slender legs.” He was said to live on a rugged rock, kill those he would espy from a distance, & apparently rode “on the wind,” for ex. during a great storm in at least one myth. He had a magician brother.
Algonquin Myths & Legends
Algonquin myths share uncanny similarities with Scandinavian myths. They also share some linguistic similarities with a Scandinavian language, ie their respective words for “evil influence” are app. identical. The Algonquin deity Glooskap, like Odin, trained 2 birds to bring him news of the world. Glooskap exterminated many evil forces on the Earth for mankind, but eventually decided that it did no good & to quit the world, & is expected to return in the future. Glooskap also app parallels Quetzalcoatl of Mexican tradition. Both were regarded as seeding humanity with arts & civilization, teaching agriculture, etc. [Compare this with the account given in the Book of Enoch of the fallen angels teaching mankind many various arts and technologies.] Glooskap is also associated with a legend where he captures a personified Summer & uses her to melt a personified Winter.
Sioux Myths & Legends
A common deity in Sioux myths, particularly of the Iowa tribe, is Ictinike, a son of the Sun-god who was expelled from heaven & is regarded as the “Father of Lies.” [Compare to the story of Satan as a fallen angel, also banished from heaven in the Book of Enoch and called the “father of all lies” elsewhere in the Bible.] He carries a bad reputation for deceit, & is always up to no good in the various legends. The Sioux also have myths about an evil race of giants that once nearly wiped out a tribe of men, & a story relating man-eating giants slain by a chief's son.
Pawnee Myths & Legends
The selection of myths from this tribe show interactions with personifications of animals, ie buffalo & bear, that exhibit magical abilities.
Northwestern Myths & Legends
The Chinook tribe, which dwelt around the Columbia River, practiced cranial distortion, & were called “flat-headed.” Their chiefs were sent to sea in canoes when they died or were burned in them, similar to a Scandinavian rite. They also had at least one myth regarding a man-eating giant who harassed a group of brothers.
The Californian tribes were app. a conglomeration of different native cultures, with distinct languages & app. from different origins. Tribes on the coasts in Del Norte County, California, have myths “practically identical” with the myths of Russian river tribes. The Acagchemen tribes have a myth relating that they ate nothing but a kind of nourishing “white clay” until a powerful being/man named Ouiot was poisoned & died, saying he would return in the future. Then the natives were forced to begin eating meat & vegetables. Then “a marvellous [sic] thing appeared before them,” called Chinigchinich & whose abode was “above,” & he created man & woman from clay & made all the original tribe members supernatural beings, all later beings/men & women of the tribe being descendants of those made of clay. Other stories relate Chinigchinich describing himself as coming from the stars to instruct mankind of various things.
[The following notes describe a very close similarity between Christian myth and the myths of the Pericues of California.]
The Pericues of lower California have a myth of the great lord of heaven, Niparaya, & the goddess Anayicoyondi having three divine children, one of them named Quaayayp. [Note the similarities to Yahweh, Asherah (the equivalent of a female companion to Yahweh who was outlawed from Judaism as a Canaanite entity but nonetheless made appearances and was associated with the menorah with a triangular base), and the Holy Trinity.] According to the myth, Quaayayp was a real man born on Earth, in the Acaragui Mountains, & was eventually killed by the men he dwelt among as a teacher, & a crown of thorns was placed upon his head. [The similarities here between Quaayayp and Jesus, being killed by the people he came to help and being crowned with a crown of thorns, are obvious.] His body continues to lie somewhere & does not decay, while blood constantly drips from his wounds, & an owl constantly speaks to him, though he himself can no longer speak. [This also can be compared with Christian theology, for example Jesus also did not die, one could argue that the bleeding wounds represent his sacrifice which still exists for the sins of others, and owl could be interpreted as a symbol for the Holy Spirit. However the owl is also the symbol for the Canaanite deity Molech to which children were sacrificed, and which the Bohemian Grove ceremonies feature. ]
General Native American Notes
The Boy Magician
A myth regarding a boy magician & his grandmother features a menacing being whose voice is finally traced to an enormous head sticking up from a lake, with a face on every side. When the lake is caused to dry up, the being is a large green frog.
Natives as Jews
According to The Migration from Shinar by Capt. G. Palmer, first published in 1879, some unspecified tribe encountered by author celebrated the Jewish observance of First Fruits, singing “Halelu-Halelu-Haleluiah” & praising “Yo-He-Wah,” the latter of which at least is only spoken during their religious festivities.
Welsh-Speaking Natives
According to legend, Madoc, the son of Welsh prince Owen Gwyneth, sailed due west across the Atlantic & landed “not far from Florida,” according to Sir Thomas Herbert in his Travels, in the year 1170. Examples are given of native words app. identical to Welsh words.
Miscellaneous
Comparisons have often been made between Native Americans & the natives of Siberia, in appearance, customs, & even beliefs, & linguistic patterns. Remains of ancient natives have been found along mastodons, & at least one apparent “elephant's” tusks were found around 15-20 ft. underground alongside a man-made reed mat in Louisiana, at Petit Anse. Ancient mining operations have been found in California & near Lake Superior.1 A “clay image” was reportedly brought up by a sand-pump in Nampa, Idaho, from a depth of 320 ft. in alternating beds of clay & quicksand under a lava flow that dated to the Tertiary or early Glacial age. There is also ample evidence of Scandinavian peoples reaching North America at various times before Columbus.
by Lewis Spence (1914)
These notes represent only some curiosities taken from this volume, a modern reissue of a book which was originally published in 1914.
Summary of Various Tribes
The Iroquois
Tribes encompassed by the name “Iroquois” include the Huron, Tuscarora, Susquehannock & Nottoway tribes, amongst others, but the Iroquois Confederacy consisted of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga & Seneca tribes. The Cherokee are believed to have been an “early offshoot” of these people. Iroquois occupied land from the St. Lawrence to Roanoke rivers. [The Cherokee themselves, according to at least one account, believe that they originally came from an island. For more information on this see, the book notes for Lost Worlds of Ancient America, under chapter 23, “The Walls of Poseidon.”]
The Algonquins
The Algonquin tribes covered a large swath of North America, surrounding the Iroquois tribes & extending from NE Canada & Maine to the Rocky Mountains in the west & to the south into Virginia, from along the Atlantic Coast to present-day Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, etc. They were generally considered “milder” than the Iroquois, but were also often enemies of the Iroquois in war. Unlike the Iroquois, the Algonquin tribes were friendly with the French & often at war with the English. They practiced agriculture & possessed some massive plantations in some areas, for ex. along the Maumee River to Lake Erie. They taught settlers to make hominy, maple sugar, succotash & johnny cakes.
The Muskhogean
These people, including the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, & Seminole tribes, occupied the Gulf states that are now Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, & portions of Tennessee. They were also agricultural, & practiced artificial skull deformation, leading to them being called “flat-heads.”
The Sioux
The Santee, Yankton, Assiniboin & Teton tribes stretched from Saskatchewan to Louisiana. They were renowned for their courage, intellect & physical ability, & were commonly polygamous.
The Caddoan Family
There are three geographic groups here: the Arikara in the north, the Pawnee Confederacy in the middle (around Nebraska), & the Caddo, Kichal & Wichita in the south, overall from North Dakota to Oklahoma. They were loosely confederated & practiced agriculture as well as hunting.
The Shoshoneans
Meaning “snake” people, occupying modern-day Nevada, Utah & Idaho, these were the Root-Diggers Comanches & other tribes “of low culture.” Their language is apparently related to that of the Aztec.
The Athapascans
These people spanned from the Pacific to the Hudson Bay, on the West Coast from Alaska through Oregon, California, New Mexico, to Mexico, east into Colorado, Utah, Kansas, & NW Canada. They include the Apache, Navaho [Navajo] & Lipon tribes. This is the most widely-distributed native linguistic family.
Various Native American Traditions
An Indian Girl's Vigil [Reads like a Native American version of a classic UFO / ET abduction experience.]
A story is related of a girl, Catherine Wabose, taking her symbolic vigil for passing into womanhood. This involved a fast of several days, & on the 5th day of fasting she heard a “superhuman voice,” which led her to meet an “Everlasting Standing Woman” that conferred a “supernatural” name upon the girl. Then she met the “Little Man Spirit” who gave her the name of her future son. Then the “Bright Blue Sky” gave her “the gift of life,” after which she was “encircled by bright points of light and by sharp, painless instruments, but, mounting upon a fish-like animal, she swam through the air back to her lodge.” The story relates that this “vision” was repeated on the 6th day, & that on the 7th “she beheld a large round object like a stone descend from the sky and enter the lodge. It conferred upon her the gift of prophecy, and…she assumed the rank of a prophetess upon her return to the tribe.”
Animism & Totemism
Natives generally viewed everything, from the wind, rocks & trees, even to abstract concepts like darkness, to be living things that possessed some degree of consciousness that may be interpreted by able men or women. They also generally considered themselves kin to the various animals & sometimes took clan distinctions from animals & considered a particular animal to be the grandfather of a particular tribe & be sacred to it. This clan distinction could be almost equivalent to a last name/family distinction & is similar to the customs of the ancient Scots (Picts).
Serpents
Snakes are commonly symbols of wisdom to the natives. To the Algonquins & Dakotas the words “manito” & “wakan” designate both the supernatural, & the rattlesnake. Lightning was associated with the serpent, & since lightning storms occur most frequently during the heat of the summer, the serpent is also associated with vegetation & the growth of crops. Pawnees called thunder the “hissing of the great snake.” Native “magicians” were familiar with the ability to entrance rattlesnakes with rhythmic sounds & handle them. The rattlesnake was appreciated for being slow to attack but extremely venomous.
Pipes & Smoking
According to many tribes a certain “Pipe-stone Quarry” was designated specifically for acquiring stone from which to make pipes. Stone from this one region, near the “extreme source” of the “Big Sioux” which feeds into the Missouri, has been found by an explorer named Catlin to have been used by about 40 tribes, covering thousands of miles, & pilgrimages were often made to acquire this stone. Smoking is very sacred to the natives & is used to initiate & conclude treaty negotiations & etc.; it was according to some traditions given to man by one of the various great spiritual beings.
[Pages 125 & 126 are missing from this reproduction of the original 1914 edition. Maybe something interesting?]
Natives app. believed people can reincarnate after passing on if they so choose. They also believed in the ability to journey to the “other world” while still alive.
Times & Festivals
Different tribes used different means of keeping track of time. Annual celebrations marked seasonal changes, maturation of crops, etc. Most tribes made use of the Moon for recording time & counted 12 to 13, or even 12½ moons (lunar cycles) to a year, & named them based on significant events or characteristics of that time of year. The new year generally fell for them at the beginning of spring.
The Iroquois
Hi'nun
Hi'nun is/was a thunder-god, brother of West Wind, & an ally of the Iroquois in the destruction of the Stone Giants & other enemies in ancient times. According to the Iroquois, man was first introduced with Hi'nun when a hunter was recruited by a group of apparent men, far off the ground, near the clouds, who wanted him to slay a serpent/dragon in the depths of a lake, & gave him special sight in order to do so from high above the ground. The chief of these “men” was Hi'nun.
Hiawatha
Hiawatha is an apparent historical figure, the man who first initiated the negotiations between various tribes that resulted in the Iroquois Confederation, somewhere around the 1300's (according to native tradition) to the 1500's (app. according to European/Anglo-American analyses). Tribal representation in the confederacy (known as the “Silver Chain”) was passed on through matrilineal heredity as with the Picts of Scotland. [For other similarities between the Native Americans and the Scottish Picts, see the book notes for Lost Civilizations & Secrets of the Past, under the chapter “The Micmac and the Picts.” DNA studies also link “pure-blooded” Cherokee to ancient peoples in Europe and the Middle East. For more information on this, see the book notes for Lost Civilizations & Secrets of the Past, under its first section, “Archaeological Scandals.”] When Champlain arrived with the French in 1611 & befriended the Huron people, he simultaneously incurred the anger/antagonism of the Iroquois confederacy & seems to have sealed the fate of French/English colonial competition in North America. Nonetheless the Iroquois tribes were amongst the most peaceful in North America, practiced agriculture & were generally an advanced culture compared, for example, to many tribes farther west, etc.
Stone Giants
The Iroquois believed in an early race of giants, made of stone, who banded together & descended upon human tribes to destroy them in war, but were ambushed & destroyed by West Wind (brother of Hi'nun) when they met the natives in battle.
Pigmies
The Iroquois believed in a race of pigmies, resembling Teutonic gnomes. They were protectors of mankind & responsible for shaping natural landscapes, carving/sculpting cliffs, boulders, etc. An actual, historical race of “pigmies” app. existed & inhabited the Eastern part of North America before the “Red Man.”
Great Head
The Great Head is a malevolent being that the Iroquois believed in, that was simply “an enormous head poised on slender legs.” He was said to live on a rugged rock, kill those he would espy from a distance, & apparently rode “on the wind,” for ex. during a great storm in at least one myth. He had a magician brother.
Algonquin Myths & Legends
Algonquin myths share uncanny similarities with Scandinavian myths. They also share some linguistic similarities with a Scandinavian language, ie their respective words for “evil influence” are app. identical. The Algonquin deity Glooskap, like Odin, trained 2 birds to bring him news of the world. Glooskap exterminated many evil forces on the Earth for mankind, but eventually decided that it did no good & to quit the world, & is expected to return in the future. Glooskap also app parallels Quetzalcoatl of Mexican tradition. Both were regarded as seeding humanity with arts & civilization, teaching agriculture, etc. [Compare this with the account given in the Book of Enoch of the fallen angels teaching mankind many various arts and technologies.] Glooskap is also associated with a legend where he captures a personified Summer & uses her to melt a personified Winter.
Sioux Myths & Legends
A common deity in Sioux myths, particularly of the Iowa tribe, is Ictinike, a son of the Sun-god who was expelled from heaven & is regarded as the “Father of Lies.” [Compare to the story of Satan as a fallen angel, also banished from heaven in the Book of Enoch and called the “father of all lies” elsewhere in the Bible.] He carries a bad reputation for deceit, & is always up to no good in the various legends. The Sioux also have myths about an evil race of giants that once nearly wiped out a tribe of men, & a story relating man-eating giants slain by a chief's son.
Pawnee Myths & Legends
The selection of myths from this tribe show interactions with personifications of animals, ie buffalo & bear, that exhibit magical abilities.
Northwestern Myths & Legends
The Chinook tribe, which dwelt around the Columbia River, practiced cranial distortion, & were called “flat-headed.” Their chiefs were sent to sea in canoes when they died or were burned in them, similar to a Scandinavian rite. They also had at least one myth regarding a man-eating giant who harassed a group of brothers.
The Californian tribes were app. a conglomeration of different native cultures, with distinct languages & app. from different origins. Tribes on the coasts in Del Norte County, California, have myths “practically identical” with the myths of Russian river tribes. The Acagchemen tribes have a myth relating that they ate nothing but a kind of nourishing “white clay” until a powerful being/man named Ouiot was poisoned & died, saying he would return in the future. Then the natives were forced to begin eating meat & vegetables. Then “a marvellous [sic] thing appeared before them,” called Chinigchinich & whose abode was “above,” & he created man & woman from clay & made all the original tribe members supernatural beings, all later beings/men & women of the tribe being descendants of those made of clay. Other stories relate Chinigchinich describing himself as coming from the stars to instruct mankind of various things.
[The following notes describe a very close similarity between Christian myth and the myths of the Pericues of California.]
The Pericues of lower California have a myth of the great lord of heaven, Niparaya, & the goddess Anayicoyondi having three divine children, one of them named Quaayayp. [Note the similarities to Yahweh, Asherah (the equivalent of a female companion to Yahweh who was outlawed from Judaism as a Canaanite entity but nonetheless made appearances and was associated with the menorah with a triangular base), and the Holy Trinity.] According to the myth, Quaayayp was a real man born on Earth, in the Acaragui Mountains, & was eventually killed by the men he dwelt among as a teacher, & a crown of thorns was placed upon his head. [The similarities here between Quaayayp and Jesus, being killed by the people he came to help and being crowned with a crown of thorns, are obvious.] His body continues to lie somewhere & does not decay, while blood constantly drips from his wounds, & an owl constantly speaks to him, though he himself can no longer speak. [This also can be compared with Christian theology, for example Jesus also did not die, one could argue that the bleeding wounds represent his sacrifice which still exists for the sins of others, and owl could be interpreted as a symbol for the Holy Spirit. However the owl is also the symbol for the Canaanite deity Molech to which children were sacrificed, and which the Bohemian Grove ceremonies feature. ]
General Native American Notes
The Boy Magician
A myth regarding a boy magician & his grandmother features a menacing being whose voice is finally traced to an enormous head sticking up from a lake, with a face on every side. When the lake is caused to dry up, the being is a large green frog.
Natives as Jews
According to The Migration from Shinar by Capt. G. Palmer, first published in 1879, some unspecified tribe encountered by author celebrated the Jewish observance of First Fruits, singing “Halelu-Halelu-Haleluiah” & praising “Yo-He-Wah,” the latter of which at least is only spoken during their religious festivities.
Welsh-Speaking Natives
According to legend, Madoc, the son of Welsh prince Owen Gwyneth, sailed due west across the Atlantic & landed “not far from Florida,” according to Sir Thomas Herbert in his Travels, in the year 1170. Examples are given of native words app. identical to Welsh words.
Miscellaneous
Comparisons have often been made between Native Americans & the natives of Siberia, in appearance, customs, & even beliefs, & linguistic patterns. Remains of ancient natives have been found along mastodons, & at least one apparent “elephant's” tusks were found around 15-20 ft. underground alongside a man-made reed mat in Louisiana, at Petit Anse. Ancient mining operations have been found in California & near Lake Superior.1 A “clay image” was reportedly brought up by a sand-pump in Nampa, Idaho, from a depth of 320 ft. in alternating beds of clay & quicksand under a lava flow that dated to the Tertiary or early Glacial age. There is also ample evidence of Scandinavian peoples reaching North America at various times before Columbus.