Missing 13th Amendment Found: “No Lawyers In Public Office”

[idiit]

In the winter of 1983, archival research expert David Dodge, and former Baltimore police investigator Tom Dunn, were searching for evidence of government corruption in public records stored in the Belfast Library on the coast of Maine.

By chance, they discovered the library’s oldest authentic copy of the Constitution of the United States (printed in 1825). Both men were stunned to see this document included a 13th Amendment that no longer appears on current copies of the Constitution. Moreover, after studying the Amendment’s language and historical context, they realized the principle
intent of this “missing” 13th Amendment was to prohibit lawyers from serving in government. So began a seven year, nationwide search for the truth surrounding the most bizarre Constitutional puzzle in American history — the unlawful removal of a ratified Amendment from the Constitution of the United States.



Since 1983, Dodge and Dunn have uncovered additional copies of the Constitution with the “missing” 13th Amendment printed in at least eighteen separate publications by ten different states and territories over four decades from 1822 to 1860. In June of this year (1991), Dodge uncovered the evidence that this missing 13th Amendment had indeed been lawfully ratified by the state of Virginia and was therefore an authentic Amendment to the American Constitution. If the evidence is correct and no logical errors have been made, a 13th Amendment restricting lawyers from serving in government was ratified in 1819 and removed from the U.S. Constitution during the tumult of the Civil War. Since the Amendment was never lawfully repealed, it is still the Law today. The implications are
enormous.

http://themillenniumreport.com/2015/10/the-missing-13th-amendment-no-lawyers-allowed-in-public-office/#more-18986

[Lifebringer]

Very good research on our Constitution and how the "legal eagles of corporate banks" had it removed from our site. I'd guess the capital burning was to protect those who sided with the Virginia Corporation which tried to sell the country back to England in exchange for financial backing during the Civil War. Turncoats of desperation almost had us back in George's hands.

[rgray222]

Lawyers have their place in society, but their role in government has changed our lives forever. Special interest and lobbyist that influence government behavior and spending is almost entirely done by lawyers. Many of the elite are either lawyers of have a barrage of legal influence at their fingertips.

Unfortunately, many people do not understand that the Constitution is all about limiting government power. With all it flaws the Constitution is one of the greatest documents ever produced. There is no leader of any country in the world that would impose limits on his/her power but that is precisely what the founders of the USA did.

When you hear President's say they don't like the Constitution they are saying they do not want their power limited by a document. This should be a red flag to every person in the country.

When you hear that a President is using Executive Orders to pass laws or reshape laws you need to understand that they are seeking to circumvent the Constitution because they don't have the power or legal means to get what they want.

The displaced or lost thirteenth amendment is one of the biggest crimes and conspiracies ever to take place in the United States. It is similar to the crimes against the American people by the Federal Reserve. It is something that plays a role in virtually everyone's life every day they are alive but not many people understand or care to think too much about it.

If the missing 13th Amendment were restored, “special interests” and “immunities” might be rendered unconstitutional. The prohibition against “honors” (privileges) would compel the entire government to operate under the same laws as the citizens of this nation. Without their current personal immunities (honors), US judges and I.R.S. agents would be unable to abuse common citizens without fear of legal liability. If this 13th Amendment were restored, the entire U.S. Government would have to conduct itself according to the same standards of decency, respect, law, and liability as the rest of the nation. If this Amendment and the term “honor” were applied today, U.S. Government’s ability to systematically coerce and abuse the public would be all but eliminated.

Imagine! A government without special privileges or immunities. It would be … almost like … a government … of the people … by the people … for the people! Imagine: a government … whose members were truly accountable to the public; a government that could not systematically exploit its own people! It’s unheard of … it’s never been done before. Not ever in the entire history of the world.

[jake gittes]

Was it found in a lawyer's office?

[TrumanCash]

Kudos to David Dodge and Tom Dunn for their great efforts in discovering the truth about the original 13th Amendment to the US Constitution!

However, that Amendment does not specifically prohibit lawyers from holding public office. It only means they may not have a "title of nobility". Unfortunately, David Dodge does not reveal any evidence in this article that supports his conclusion that this Amendment was specifically targeting lawyers (or bankers). If that were true--and it may very well have been true--there would be recorded legislative debate revealing that that was the intention of legislators. Personally, I would like to read what they said and his conclusion would appear as more than speculation if he had presented a couple of quotes from legislators as examples.

Also, as David points out "titles of nobility" were already prohibited in Article I, Section 9 of said Constitution. So why don't public/civil servants follow it? Why do people still address a judge as "Your Honor"?

The answer is simple: THEY DON'T FOLLOW THE CONSTITUTION ANY MORE!

For example, Article I, Section 10 states in part: No State shall make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts. In other words state, county or city in the US cannot "make" you pay a tax or fee in Federal Reserve Notes. If they do, they are breaking the law.

How many states follow the gold and silver coin requirement? Ever take that one into court? Well, I have. That's when I discovered that the Bar Association is just a protection racket.

David Dodge is certainly right on about the usurpation of power and authority by the banksters and bar associations.

As I have pointed out in other posts, it was the American Bar Association that wrote US Code, Title 42, Section 666 (http://www.healthfreedom.info/mark_of_the_beast.htm). This the very legislation that makes every one's social security number nothing more than a slave identification number that is tantamount to numbers that Hitler tattooed on Jews. People cannot buy or sell without this number because it is required for employment, business license, professional license, etc, and even the bankers (unlawfully) require it. When cash is completely eliminated the bankers and Bar Association will have successfuly enslaved every one and no one dare speak out against them.

As an aside there are a couple of states that are coming close to following the Article I, Section 10 requirement and they are Utah and Texas.

TLC

[gripreaper]

A lot happened during the mid eighteen hundreds in conjunction with the hidden 13th amendment. Not only did attorneys and lawyers take over the administration of the affairs of this country, but they bankrupted the organic states and the organic country and turned it into a corporation, (Reconstruction Act) with the 14 amendment turning us all into chattel for the corporation, employees and wards of the state. No one was emancipated as a result of the Civil War, that is a bold faced lie that most Americans have bought into.

You see, the City of London and the Vatican had laid claim to the territories in America through their East India Company and their other commercial trading partners, and it was the pesky patriots who always wanted to get away from the tyranny of monopolistic commerce and be sovereign and self responsible and run their own lives.

Yet, by the mid 1800's all resemblance of a Republic had been destroyed, usury and debt based fiat currency was well established, and corporate administrative governance via executive privilege through the corporate board of directors, under bankruptcy receivership and a military state of emergency and commercial admiralty, was WELL ESTABLISHED.

It's been that way since Lemuria and the original indigenous humans who were the first chimeric hybrids spliced from these alien psychopathic interlopers, who have regretted ever since giving their slave species any sentience at all because we always want to rebel against their total tyranny!

What is even more disconcerting to me, is how few know anything about the history of this planet, the history of the alien controlling elite, and the history of countries and especially the United States.

To top that off, many are happy with their slavery and walk around like zombies and do the bidding for these tyrannical psychopaths, and are the gatekeepers against their own fellow man. That is what is really disconcerting to me.

And to think that the first Lemurian chimerics went to war with the elite psychopaths to rescue their second chimeric Atlantean brothers from this very tyrannical slavery, and we get no appreciation from them which pisses me off.

All throughout history, the original fully sentient chimerics have tried to bring liberty and sovereignty to mans evolution, and we are fought tooth and nail from the second chimerics who help the friggin psychopaths with their own slavery! Now, we realize that you are not as fully sentient as we are and that you don't have access to the higher cerebrum and cerebellum brains, but you're not completely stupid, are you?

[ghostrider]

Funny , the lawyers will fight to keep this out of the original constitution... It would fire 90 percent of them... 😎

[rgray222]

I apologize in advance to any lawyers out there.

http://thefederalistpapers.integratedmarket.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/17.jpg
http://thefederalistpapers.integratedmarket.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/27.jpg
http://thefederalistpapers.integratedmarket.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/33.jpg

[observer]

Cross-Post from "The Real Thirteenth Ammendment - Titles of Nobility and Honour (http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?73417-The-Real-Thirteenth-Ammendment-Titles-of-Nobility-and-Honour&p=859795&viewfull=1#post859795)" Thread:



- From Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment):
"If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive or retain, any title of nobility or honour, or shall, without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them.

The official story is: "the Original Thirteenth Amendment" - "Titles of Nobility and Honour" - was never ratified. That in the early days of the Republic all but two of the required States for a quorum ratified the amendment, thereby leaving the Amendment un-ratified. As the nation grew, the number of States required for a quorum also grew, therefore the amendment was never ratified.

End of the Official Story.

On February 1, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment eventually became that which freed the slaves, and of course, the rest is history.

If the Official Story is to be believed, why then would one find anomalous evidence that simply does not support that story?

For starters, one of the States (Virginia), who the official story claims never ratified the amendment, had the same text of that amendment, between 1819–1867, written into that State's Criminal Code. Why would any State rewrite the words of the amendment into code if they hadn't also ratified the United States Constitutional Amendment?

Many of the members, here on Avalon, are already aware how the 'historic record' is not actually a record of what occurred.

I would suggest that we consider, over a fifty year period of time (1812 to 1861), enough Esquire Lawyers got themselves into positions of enough importance to obscure the records, leaving a paper trail that did not coincide with the facts of history. This is a template that has been reused consistently over the history of Humanity.

One of the anomalies pointing to this alleged rewriting, is the fact that many of the earlier publications of the United States Constitution did include the "Titles of Nobility and Honour" Amendment.


- From Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment):
"The assertion that the Titles of Nobility Amendment has been ratified by the required number of states has never been upheld by any court in the United States."
Of course not! Does anyone suppose a court of Esquires would ever uphold the idea that amendment was ever ratified?

In my humble opinion, the "Titles of Nobility" Amendment was ratified, and over an extended period of time, all evidence of that ratification was expunged from the record - in the same way so much of history has been altered, all the way back to remote antiquity.

What difference does any of this make, you might ask?

For starters, every lawyer practicing as an "Esquire" would effectively be considered a non-citizen, if the Real Thirteenth Amendment were acknowledged.

It would be a great benefit to Humanity if someone well versed in Constitutional Law could do the proper research to prove the Real Thirteenth Amendment was actually made a part of the U. S. Constitution.

I'd love to read some informed comments....

And here:


Thank you PurpleLama.

Article 1, Section 9, of the U. S. Constitution addresses the granting of Title of Nobility by the United States Government.

The "Titles of Nobility" Amendment was introduced to prevent any U. S. Citizen from holding a title of nobility from any foreign government.

It would appear from the surviving evidence that the amendment received the proper amount of ratifying State votes. The records to this effect were all lost during the war of 1812 when in 1814 most of Washington, DC was burned to the ground by British Forces.

Of course thereafter, a clever manipulation of facts by agents of the Temple Bar (Esquires) obscured this ratification over a 50 (or so) year period of time.

It has been suggested that to swear allegiance to the Temple Bar, and to be given the Title of Nobility, "Esquire", effectively nullifies that individual's United States Citizenship.

The members might want to review the collections of facts and opinions on this website:

http://www.barefootsworld.net/real13th.html

[thank you heyokah for that link]

[Rocky_Shorz]

"As I have pointed out in other posts, it was the American Bar Association that wrote US Code, Title 42, Section 666. This the very legislation that makes every one's social security number nothing more than a slave identification number that is tantamount to numbers that Hitler tattooed on Jews."

Someone had a sense of humor to make this land and be recorded, on Section 666, our Social Security # tattooed on our foreheads as the Mark of the Beast...

[TrumanCash]

"As I have pointed out in other posts, it was the American Bar Association that wrote US Code, Title 42, Section 666. This the very legislation that makes every one's social security number nothing more than a slave identification number that is tantamount to numbers that Hitler tattooed on Jews."

Someone had a sense of humor to make this land and be recorded, on Section 666, our Social Security # tattooed on our foreheads as the Mark of the Beast...

It appears to me that they are intentionally implementing biblical prophecy in order to manipulate people.

And I suppose they are laughing because people are such sheep that they willingly go along with it. Such an odd sense of "humor", eh?

TLC

[Ernie Nemeth]

Very interesting and so surprising, is it?

My father refused our title of Ur when it was offered him. Without my knowledge, he gave the title to his sister's son, not me. I was mad for a long time over that. Not that I wanted the title. Just I could have been consulted.

edit: softened it a bit

[Rocky_Shorz]

Who was your fathUR?

[phillipbbg]

Thirteenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution
Thirteenth Amendment - Slavery And Involuntary Servitude

Amendment Text | Annotations

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

http://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment13.html

Did I miss something or did they amend the amendment after President Lincoln issued an Emancipation Proclamation in 1863...

Then again that is probably why its called the "Missing 13th Amendment" and of course we are all actually be definition as persons "slaves" or more appropriately defined as:

The proletariat (/ˌproʊlɪˈtɛəriːət/ from Latin proletarius) is a term used to describe the class of wage-earners (especially industrial workers), in a capitalist society, whose only possession of significant material value is their labour-power (their ability to work); a member of such a class is a proletarian.

Hence the P in our passports ;)

[ghostrider]

This is huge , I must ask , would this render laws or rules made by lawyers in government null and void, since they are not allowed in government???

[Rocky_Shorz]

the war of 1812 was because America Dumped the Central Bank... The British burned down DC for doing it...

the 13th Amendment Passed by Congress May 1, 1810 - Ratified December 9, 1812 was payback for London's actions...

For over 50 years the 13th Amendment was included in the publications of the Constitution for the united States.

Many States, Territories, and even the Federal Government, itself, printed copies of the Constitution containing this Amendment.

It was unlawfully removed by persons unknown for their own personal greed and aggrandizement.

Even though it was properly ratified, it appears that it was never enforced. Thus, all laws, treaties, appointments of officers to government positions, and other acts and actions of the Federal government since 1812 are of questionable validity and may therefore be null and void.

You can examine for yourself the images of the various documents that prove conclusively the validity of the 13th Amendment

It is very interesting to note that only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th Articles of Amendment had numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification. The reason behind the numbering was to insure that the removal of the validly existing 13th Amendment was fully hidden by the proposed, and wrongfully numbered new 13th Amendment. To have just numbered the new proposed Amendment as the 13th and then not number any others would have called attention to the facts surrounding the situation. Whoever was behind the removal of the valid 13th Amendment had to number the next few Amendments so as to further hide their unlawful actions.

This Amendment was for the specific purpose of banning participation in government operations by attorneys and bankers who claimed the Title of Nobility of "Esquire." These people had joined the International Bar Association or the International Bankers Association and owed their allegiance to the King of England. Banning Titles of Nobility began in the Articles of Confederation, continued in two places in the Constitution, and finally was added as an Amendment to the Constitution -- an Amendment that was needed as the other bans had no teeth in them to punish those persons who chose to ignore the Constitutional Law.

The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Eleventh Congress, Second Session, on the 1st of May, 1810. The dates of ratification were:

April 30, 1812: Louisiana becomes the 18th state in the Union, but is not consulted on the pending constitutional amendment, although Louisiana recognized the validity of the 13th Amendment by publishing the Constitution in its Law Books in 1825 and again in 1855.

June 12, 1812: The War of 1812 begins.

June 12, 1812: Governor Plumer of New Hampshire sends letter to New Hampshire Legislature accompanied by letters from the Chief Executive Officers of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Vermont indicating ratification of the 13th Amendment by their State.

Virginia thus is shown to have properly ratified the Amendment. Discounting the letter from Governor Plumer of New Hampshire also requires that the Senate Record from New Hampshire also be discarded. There is no basis under which any reasonable argument can be proposed whereby it can be shown that both the Governor and the Secretary for the Senate were both lying.

Even if the New Hampshire information is wrong, Virginia printed a copy of the Constitution showing the 13th Amendment in its Law books in 1819. This date is the date, if no earlier date can be confirmed.

December 9, 1812: New Hampshire ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 13th of the 13 states required.

Ratification was completed on December 9, 1812. link (http://www.constitutionalconcepts.org/13thamendment.htm)

any time a central bank is involved, thoughts instantly turn to our traitors in congress who are US Citizens 2nd to Israel...

shouldn't all of their citizenships be stripped?

a hundred years after this was passed, December 1912, is when America sold their souls back to bankers, all bow to the great and powerful Federal Reserve...

[Rocky_Shorz]

June 21, 1789 The United States Constitution is ratified with New Hampshire becoming the ninth state to ratify. Article I, Sections 9 and 10 of the Constitution contain provisions that clearly prohibit the federal government and the states from granting any titles of nobility - However, no penalty for violating the Article is specified.

March 4 - September 25, 1789 The U.S. House of Representatives compiles a list of possible Constitutional Amendments, some of which will ultimately become the Bill of Rights. The House proposes seventeen of many offered; the Senate reduces the list to twelve . During this process Senator Tristram Dalton (Mass.) proposes an Amendment seeking to prohibit and provide a penalty for any American accepting a "title of nobility" (RG 46 Records of the U.S. Senate). Although it isn't passed, this is the first time a "title of nobility" amendment is proposed.

April 30, 1789 George Washington is inaugurated and begins his term as the first President of the United States. He is a successful planter, surveyor, soldier and militia commander, member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, Virginia Delegate to the 2nd Continental Congress, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the War for Independence and was Chairman of the Constitutional Convention. Washington was also the first President of the Society of Cincinnati, in which membership was to be hereditary and carried a Title of Nobility. The Society's main purpose was to influence public affairs.

February 5, 1790 The U. S. Supreme Court's third day. The first three practitioners before the bar were admitted as counselors. The Rules of the Court were adoopted as to the form of writs and as to the admission of counselors and attorneys. In defiance of our Common Law, the Court adopted British style writs. In defiance to the separation of powers in the Constitution the Court ordered - "it shall be requisite to the admission of attorneys or counselors to practice in this court, that they shall have been such for three years past in the Supreme Court of the State to which they respectively belong" The Constitution made no such requirement and assumed that since all men are equal anyone could either practice before the Court, or could even serve on the Supreme Court. This ruling was the beginning of government by lawyers. Thus, the Supreme Court that was supposed to protect the American People struck the first blow against liberty and became the biggest threat to our Constitution.

February 8, 9, and 10, 1790 The only business trasacted was the admission of sixteen further counselors and seven attorneys. Of the nineteen counselors admitted at this first term - two were Senators and nine were Representatives - members of the first Congress. This is a blatant violation of the Separation of Powers declared by Article I, section 6, last phrase of Clause 2 - which states - no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. It is interesting to note that all of the members of the Supreme Court were former Crown Lawyers - Officers for the King. The Senators and Representative who were addmitted to the court had now taken two different Oaths of Office. Can a man serve two masters? This is still the case with all of the attorneys serving in our several Legislatures.

March 4 1797 John Adams begins his term as President of the United States. A Harvard educated attorney, he has served as Massachusetts delegate to the 1st Continental Congress, a diplomat in France and Holland during the Revolutionary War, Minister to the Court of St. James, and Vice President under George Washington.

1798 The first case decided by the U. S. Supreme Court involving the ratification of a constitutional amendment is Hollingsworth v. Virginia, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 378 (1798). A challenge is made to the ratification of the Eleventh Amendment and it is contended that this amendment is void for the reason that the President had not approved the amendment. The Court, in one of the shortest decisions ever made, rules against this argument. Justice Salmon Chase explains in the written decision that the President is not involved in the amendment process.

March 4, 1801 Thomas Jefferson begins his term as President of the United States. A planter from Virginia, he is trained in law, has served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, Delegate to the 1st Continental Congress, drafter of the Declaration of Independence, Governor of Virginia, Minister to France, Secretary of State under George Washington and Vice President of the United States under John Adams.

March 4, 1809 James Madison begins his term as President of the United States. Educated at Princeton, he helped frame the Virginia Constitution in 1776, and had served as a Delegate to the Continental Congress and the Virginia Convention of 1788, author of The Federalist, Virginia Assemblyman, "Father" of the Constitution, framer of the Bill of Rights, and Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson.

January 18, 1810 The 17 states in the union on this date include: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, New Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia. Senator Phillip Reed of Maryland proposes a "title of nobility" Amendment (History of Congress, Proceedings of the Senate, p. 529-530). The first version of the Titles Of Nobility Amendment (or TONA) is read to the Senate.

January 29, 1810 A revised version of the proposed amendment is read to the Senate. The proposed amendment revokes the citizenship of those who violate the prohibition, and renders them ineligible to hold public office.

February 13, 1810 The TONA (Titles of Nobility Amendment) is recommitted to a select committee consisting of Senators Phillip Reed (Md.), William Branch Giles (Va.), Michael Leib (Pa.), William H. Crawford (Ga.) and Timothy Pickering (Ma.), for further consideration.

February 15, 1810 An amended version of the TONA is reported to the Senate which includes the phrase "title of distinction," but this language is too cumbersome in construction even for these flowery times. The phrase is stricken.

April 11, 1810 The committee again reports an amended proposal of the TONA to the Senate.

April 26, 1810 A motion to delay voting on the proposed amendment is defeated by a vote of 8 to 20.

April 27, 1810 On motion the Senate votes to pass the 13th Amendment proposal by a vote of 26 to 1. The resolution was so engrossed and read a third time, and the President of the Senate reported it to the house accordingly. - Journal of the Senate

May 1, 1810 With considerable support both from Federalists in New York and Massachusetts, and Democratic-Republicans in the south, the Titles Of Nobility Act (TONA) is approved by a vote of 87- 3 in the House. Eighteen of the 21 members from Virginia vote for it. Seventeen of the 18 members from Pennsylvania vote for it, while those from New York number 7 for it, 6 absent or not voting, and 1 against. The Resolution is signed by J.B. Varnum, Speaker of the House, John Gaillard, President of the Senate pro tempore, and certified by Sam A. Otis, Secretary of the Senate, and is sent to the states for ratification. Ratification will now require passage by 13 (three fourths) of the 17 states in the Union.

December 25, 1810 Maryland ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 1st of 13 states required. Cover letter and Resolution addressed to James Monroe as Secretary of State, cover letter and Resolution transmittal to Edward Lloyd, Esquire, Governor of Maryland. Resolution signed by Clerk of the House, Clerk of the Senate, certified by a Clerk of the Court of Appeals.MD

January 31, 1811 Kentucky ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 2nd of 13 states required.

Ohio unanimously ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 3rd of 13 states required. On that same day, the Resolution is Signed by the Speaker of the Ohio House, Speaker of the Ohio Senate, and certified by the Secretary of State of Ohio, addressed to the President of the Senate of the United States.

February 2, 1811 Delaware ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 4th of 13 states required. The resolution is signed by the Clerk of the House, but not delivered to the U.S. government.

The Virginia House of Delegates approves of the TONA and enrolls the 13th Amendment as a pending bill, and sends notice to the Senate.

February 4,1811 An election is scheduled in the Virginia House of Delegates to replace William Munford , as he has been elected Clerk of the House. An election to fill the governorship vacated by James Monroe is scheduled for December 5. - The Senate receives the House of Delegates' 2/2/1811 notice.

February 6,1811 Pennsylvania ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 5th of 13 states required.

February 9,1811 Kentucky notifies Congress it has ratified the 13th Amendment. Cover letter to The Speaker of the U.S. Senate, signed by Ch. Scott, Governor of Kentucky. Accompanying the letter is a resolution dated January 31, 1811, requesting the Governor to communicate the ratification to The Senate and House of the United States, and to the Governor of each of the states, certified by the Secretary of the State of Kentucky.

February 11,1811 In the U.S. Senate, Secretary of the Senate Sam A. Otis delivers a letter acknowledging receipt of the Ohio Resolution delivered to President Monroe.

Postmarked and certified by the Secretary of State of Pennsylvania this day, a cover letter of transmittal and Resolution of ratification by the state of Pennsylvania, addressed to President James Madison from Governor Snyder.

February 13,1811 New Jersey ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 6th of 13 states required.

February 14,1811 On the 3rd reading proposing ratification of the 13th Amendment, the Virginia Senate disagrees on the 13th Amendment ratification resolution. According to the Rules and Orders of the Senate, the matter may not be heard again in the same session "except where it may be judged proper" after conferring with the House of Delegates.

February 18,1811 A letter of transmittal is dated this day from Governor Bloomfield of New Jersey, addressed to Robert Smith Esq., Secretary Department of State. Enclosed is the Resolution of Ratification by New Jersey. It is certified and receipted by James Linn, Secretary of the State of New Jersey, and certified again and sealed by Joseph Bloomfield, Governor of New Jersey. There is no notation that Secretary of State Smith has read the resolution to the Congress.

February 20,1811 In the Senate, Secretary of the Senate Sam A. Otis acknowledges and certifies receipt of the Resolution of Kentucky from the President of the United States.

February 28,1811 Certified by the Secretary of State of Pennsylvania the previous day, a cover letter of transmittal and Resolution of ratification by the state of Pennsylvania, addressed to the United States Speaker of the Senate George Clinton from Governor Snyder.

March 28,1811 Dated March 13, postmarked March 15, receipted March 28 by Robert Smith Esquire Sec of State, a cover letter transmitting ratified copy of the 13th Amendment from George Clinton of Pennsylvania, writing from New York. The letter carries the text "The enclosed Copy...was forwarded to me at this place after I had left the Senate, and I now take the liberty of transmitting it to you to be deposited in the Office of the Department of State which if my recollection serves me is the usual course..." There is no record of the United States Secretary of State announcing the ratification to Congress.

October 24,1811 Vermont ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 7th of 13 states required. The ratifying Resolution states it has been passed by the Senate and House of Vermont, and directs the Governor to send the Resolution to the "President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States, and to each of our Senators, and Representatives in Congress, and to each of the Governors of the several States in the union. The resolution is certified by a secretary, and by the Secretary of State of Vermont.

November 10,1811 Governor Galusha of Vermont sends a letter of transmittal and Resolution of the State of Vermont to the President of the United States. The Resolution is not announced in Congress.

November 21,1811 Tennessee ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 8th of 13 states required. The Resolution also mentions several other proposed amendments - failing the Massachusetts amendment to prohibit embargoes, failing the Virginia amendment to remove Senators by congressional vote, failing the Pennsylvania amendment to create a tribunal of judges over and above the Supreme Court. The Resolution directs the Governor to transmit the resolution to "the executives of the several states, and also to each of our senators and representatives in Congress." The Resolution is signed by the Tennessee Speaker of the House, Speaker of the Senate, and attested by the House Clerk and Senate Clerk.

November 22,1811 Georgia ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 9th of 13 states required. The resolution is passed unanimously by the General Assembly, and the Governor is requested to transmit copies to "the President of the senate and Speaker of the House of representatives of the United States, and to each of our Senators and representives in Congress, and to each of the Governors of the several States." The Resolution is signed by the President of the Georgia Senate, certified by the Secretary of the Senate, signed by the Speaker of the House, certified by the Clerk, approved by the Governor, and certified by the Secretary of State.

November 26,1811 In an Extract from the journals of the Senate of South Carolina, the proposed 13th Amendment is referred to a committee including Col. May, Mr. Du Bose, and Mr. Reid.

November 29,1811 A report is made by the committee of the Senate of South Carolina recommending the adoption of the amendatory article and recommending it be sent to the State Senate. The report was agreed to by the Senate, and ordered to be sent to the House of Representatives of that state.

December 2,1811 Lieutenant Governor George William Smith of Virginia notifies the General Assembly that New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky have all ratified the 13th Amendment. He further announces that Governor James Monroe is now the Secretary of State of the United States.

December 3,1811 The Journals of both the House of Delegates and Senate, for Virginia, report receiving Lt. Gov. Smith's letters.

December 6,1811 George William Smith is elected Governor of Virginia to replace Monroe.

December 9,1811 The Virginia House of Delegates hears a petition to print a new edition of the revised codes of the state.

December 19,1811 The Resolution of Vermont is noted by the Secretary of State as "Read".

December 20,1811 Governor George William Smith notifies the General Assembly of Virginia that Maryland, Pennsylvania and Tennessee have ratified the 13th Amendment.

December 21,1811 The Virginia House of Delegates Journal reports receiving Gov. Smith's letter.

[Rocky_Shorz]

December 23,1811 North Carolina ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 10th of 13 states required. The resolution is signed by the Speaker of the Senate, Speaker of the House, and certified by the Secretary of State.

December 24,1811 Governor Blount of Tennessee sends a cover letter dated November 27 and transmittal of the Tennessee Resolution to James Monroe, Secretary of State. The Resolution is noted with "12th Cong. 1st Sess." dated December 24 and noted as "Read." by Monroe.

The House of Representatives of South Carolina, having taken up the Select Committee report of November 28, 1811 regarding a recommendation to ratify the 13th Amendment, postpones the matter without coming to any final decision.

January 2,1812 Governor George William Smith of Virginia dies, having been in office less than 30 days.

January 4,1812 James Barbour is elected Governor of Virginia to replace Smith.

Cover letters and copies of the Georgia Resolution are sent from the Governor to the President of the U.S. Senate and to Secretary of State James Monroe.

January 17,1812 Cover letters to James Madison Esq and The Hon Jesse Franklin are sent with certified copies of the North Carolina Resolution from Governor William Hawkins.

January 21, 1812 Gov. Barbour sends letters to both houses of the the General Assembly informing them that North Carolina has ratified the 13th Amendment..

January 22, 1812 Letter of transmittal and authenticated act from North Carolina are noted by the Secretary of State as "12 Cong. 1 Sess." and also noted as "Read."

January 23, 1812 The House of Delegates Journal reports receiving Gov. Barbour's 1/21/1812 letter.

January 24, 1812 Governor Barbour of Virginia sends supporting documents to the House regarding North Carolina's ratification of the 13th Amendment.
The Senate Journal reports receiving Gov. Barbour's 1/21/1812 letter.

February 6, 1812 Gov. Barbour sends letters to both houses of the General Assembly informing them that Georgia has ratified the 13th Amendment.

February 7, 1812 The Virginia House of delegates sends a bill to the Virginia Senate to approve the republishing of the existing 'Revised Code of the Law of this Commonwealth' [an edition prior to the 1819 Revised Code]. Andrew Stevenson , William Munford and William Hay, Jr. supervised the effort. Samuel Pleasants, Jr. was the printer. It was enacted because there were insufficient editions available to officers of the Commonwealth.

The House of Delegates Journal reports receiving Gov. Barbour's 2/6/1812 letter.

February 10, 1812 Secretary of the Senate Sam A. Otis notes in a cover letter to the Resolution of the Senate that the Georgia Resolution and Resolutions of other states which have ratified be sent to the Secretary of State. There is no notification to the House of Representatives or President noted by Otis or Monroe.

February 12, 1812 Governor Barbour sends documentation regarding Georgia's ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Virginia House.

The Virginia Senate votes to revise the Codes of the State of Virginia.

The Senate Journal reports receiving Gov. Barbour's 2/06/1812 letter.

February 27, 1812 Massachusetts ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 11th of 13 states required.

March 12, 1812 New York fails ratification of the 13th Amendment.

April 30, 1812 Louisiana becomes the 18th state in the Union, but is not consulted on the pending constitutional amendment. Even though Louisian was not required to vote they published their laws in 1825 and again in 1855 showing the 13th Amendment in its proper place.

June 12, 1812 The War of 1812 begins.

The Senate and House records for the State of New Hampshire both indicate receipt of letters from Governor Plumer conveying copies of letter from the Governors of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Vermont indicating ratification of the 13th Amendment.

This shows that Virginia was the 12th State to ratify, if not earlier, so that only one state was left for full ratification of the Amendment.

December 9, 1812 New Hampshire ratifies the 13th Amendment, the 13th of the 13 states required. The resolution is signed by the Speaker, President, approved by the Governor, and certified by the Secretary. The Resolution directs the Governor to transmit copies to "the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representaives in Congress, and to each of the Governors of the several States."

The Titles of Nobility Act is now a fully ratified Amendment to the Constitution.

December 12, 1812 Cover letter and Resolution of New Hampshire are sent to "The Hon William H. Crawford Esq, President of the Senate of the United States".

December 21, 1812 An order of the Senate of the U.S., attested by Sam A. Otis, Secretary, directing him to forward the letter from the Governor and Resolution of New Hampshire to the Secretary of the Department of State. There is no note that the Resolution was read back to the House by the Secretary.

February 6, 1813 William Waller Hening is authorized by the Virginia Legislature to publish The Statutes at Large of the State of Virginia. The FULL title is: The Statutes at Large ; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia from the First Session of the Legislature, In the Year 1619.

April 22, 1813 Connecticut Secretary of State John Cotton Smith writes to Secretary of State James Monroe that the legislature has received the Amendment, but has made no decision and will reconvene early in May, at which time the letter from Adams will be laid before them.

May 8, 1813 Governor Tompkins of New York notifies Secretary of State James Monroe that ratification of the 13th Amendment has failed. The State Senate directs the Clerk of the Senate on April 3 to respond on this to the Governor's letter of April 1. There is no note in Monroe's file that the rejection is ever read in the Congress.

May 13, 1813 Connecticut fails ratification of the 13th Amendment. The Governor is requested to transmit copies to The Secretary of State of the United States, President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House. The Resolution is signed by the Secretary of State of Connecticut. One copy is certified on May 29, and another on August 12.

September, 1813 The Governor of South Carolina sends a message to the House of Representatives enclosing New Hampshire's Resolution approving the 13th amendment, and reminding them that no decision had been made on it in South Carolina's House. A Committee, with Benjamin Huger as Chairman, was appointed to examine the proceedings of the preceding legislature. Both the Select Committee report of November 28, 1811, and the Resolution from the U.S. Congress were ordered to lie on the table, and no further action was taken. The Committee examining the previous proceedings recommends that out of respect for Congress and the other states, the amendment should be disposed of in the current session, and further that it should be rejected. The committee explains that it feels Congress is already empowered to refuse permission to individuals to accept presents from foreign powers and has done so, and that the new amendment might later lead to negative consequences presently unforeseen. This report was ordered to be considered on the following Thursday, but nothing was done again.

August 3, 1813 The Resolution of February 2, 1812 in the State of Delaware to ratify the 13th Amendment is certified again by the Clerk of the House of that state.

August 24, 1813 The British army sets fire to the public buildings of Washington and the Library of Congress, destroying many of the journals of the U.S. House of Representatives

August 29, 1813 The Resolution of February 2, 1812 in the State of Delaware to ratify the 13th Amendment is certified by the Secretary of State of Delaware, and transmitted to United States Secretary of State James Monroe. There is no record of Monroe informing Congress of such a receipt as he had done with Kentucky and Ohio, but the resolution is apparently found in his office later.

September 15, 1813 Rhode Island rejects the 13th Amendment.

September 21, 1813 The news of rejection by Rhode Island is sent by Governor Janes to Secretary of State James Monroe. The rejection is noted by Adams, but there is no notation that the rejection was read to Congress.

October 17, 1813 Governor Joseph Alston of South Carolina sends a letter to the Secretary of State of the United States enclosing copies of the proceedings of the state Senate, and informing him that in South Carolina, "the question of adoption or rejection, on the proposed amendment, has never been taken by this state." The Secretary then notes receipt of the proceedings this date and marks the amendment as "Not finally acted upon"

December 21, 1813 South Carolina tables the proposed 13th Amendment.

December 24, 1813 Treaty of Ghent is signed,officially ending the War of 1812.

December 7, 1813 Thomas Ritchie is voted Printer to the Commonwealth of Virginia for 1 year.

Congress awards a contract to print the collected federal laws to Philadelphia publisher Bioren & Duane. In the introduction there is a caveat that the proposed 13th Amendment (the TONA) was, at the time of printing, not yet adopted into the Constitution but it could accumulate the requisite number of ratifications any day. This is noted about 60 pages removed from the text of the proposal itself, which is simply captioned 13th Amendment and immediately follows the 12th Amendment. The two are separated from the main text of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights in this printing. Official notification by all parties had not made the rounds at this time concerning the ratification of the 13th Amendment.

1815 The U. S. Congress authorizes the publishing of the Laws of the United States, including the Constitution for the United States of America.

The 13th Amendment is included in its proper place with not caveats concerning the ratification.

February 16, 1816 Virginia House rejects 7 new constitutional amendments which have been proposed by other states. The original 13th Amendment is not included in the vote. Governor Nicholas orders word of the vote sent to the U.S. Congress members from Virginia, and to the governors of every state.

Further evidence that Virginia had already ratified the 13th Amendment

December 11, 1816 Indiana becomes the 19th state, but is not consulted regarding the pending amendment.

There was no need to consult with Indiana, the 13th Amendment was already ratified. Also, like Louisiana, since they were not a State at the beginning they were not consulted.

February 15, 1817 Authorized by an Act of the Virginia Legislature, the complete revision of the State's laws are entrusted to five of Virginia's most respected lawyers and legal scholars: Judge William Brockenbrough of the Virginia general and circuit courts, Benjamin Watkins Leigh - attorney and prominent Virginia legislator, Judge Robert White of the Superior Court of Law, District of Virginia, Justice Spencer Roane and Justice John Coalter of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.

This is the committee that approved the 1819 publication of the Laws of Virginia that included the 13th Amendment in its proper place.

March 4, 1817 James Monroe begins his term as President of the United States. An attorney from Virginia, he has served in the Revolutionary War, studied law under the careful hand of Jefferson, Senator from Virginia in 1790 and Minister to France in 1794. He chooses John Quincy Adams as his Secretary of State.

March 19, 1817 Senator Phillip Reed, who proposed the 13th Amendment, returns to Congress to serve again.

December 10, 1817 Mississippi becomes the 20th state. Prior to that, it had been a territory since 1798. The new state is not consulted on the 13th Amendment.

December 31, 1817 U.S. House of Representatives accepts the resolve of Representative Edwards of North Carolina that President Monroe inquire into the ratification status of the 13th Amendment.

Congress further resolves, on the suggestion of Representative Johnson from Kentucky, to print the present laws to all the states and territories, but in no more than 6 newspapers.

January 2, 1818 President Monroe requests that Secretary of State Adams ask the governors of Virginia, South Carolina, and Connecticut as to the status of the 13th Amendment in their respective States. The four new States (Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, and Illinois) that were added to the Union between 1810 and 1818 are not included in Monroe's order.

I suspect that Virginia's notice to the Federal Government was lost in the burning of the records in the war of 1812. We know that Virginia notified New Hampshire and we have not searched the archives of the other States to see if they also received letters from Virginia.

January 7, 1818 A Circular letter from the journal of John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, is sent to the Governors of the three States from which information had not been received. The recently added States of Louisiana, Indiana and Mississippi and Illinois are not mentioned.

January 22, 1818 Connecticut Secretary of State Thomas Day sends copies of the Connecticut failure resolution to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. There is no note in Adams' records as to whether the original Resolution was ever received, though he now has a copy of it. Adams notes the failure, but does not note whether the result is read to Congress.

January 28, 1819 Mr. Johnson, of the Virginia Senate oversight committee to review enrolled bills, reports to the Senate on the progress, due diligence and consideration, and judicious course to be followed in the revision of the laws of Virginia.

February 3, 1818 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams sends a two page report to the U.S. House of Representatives. Adams states that 12 States have ratified Article XIII, three States have rejected it, and he has no information from South Carolina and Virginia. Adams was only concerned with the seventeen states who had participated in the initial process under Article V of the Constitution. He does not report with regard to Louisiana, Illinois, Indiana or Mississippi, and clearly, does not consider them a part of the process.

February 4, 1818 Pursuant to a Resolution of the House, James Monroe makes inquiries of ratification of the 13th Amendment by South Carolina and Virginia. "...I transmit to the house a detailed report from the secretary of state, which contains all the information that has been received upon that subject." (CIS U.S. Serial Set Index - Misc. 446 (15-1) ASP038)

February 6, 1818 President Monroe reports to the House that the Secretary of State Adams has written to the governors of Virginia, Connecticut, and South Carolina to tell them that the proposed Amendment has been ratified by twelve States and rejected by two (New York and Rhode Island), and has asked the governors to notify him of their legislature's position. (House Document No. 76) [House Journal]

February 27, 1818 A letter is sent from President Monroe to the House of Representatives concerning South Carolina's failure to ratify the 13th Amendment. [House Journal]

February 28, 1818 Secretary of State Adams reports the rejection of the Amendment by South Carolina (House Doc. No. 129).

It had not been rejected, it had been tabled with no action taken.

March 21, 1818 A letter from John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State to Charles Buck, states in part, "Upon a return from the Executive of Virginia, for which application has been made by this Dept. it will be known with precision what is the fate of the proposed amendment, and no time will be lost in communicating it to you."

March 24, 1818 Pennsylvania publishes the 13th Amendment in the Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania. This is now the second time we know that the 13th Amendment was published.

Missouri publishes the 13th Amendment in the Digest of the Laws of Missouri Territory. This is the third publication we know of. Since this publication is for a Territory it had to be fully approved by the United States Congress. Virginia had many delagate in Congress who would have know the status of Virginia's actions on ratification.

April 20, 1818 The Fifteenth Congress passes an act [ Chapter LXXX ] to provide for the publication of the laws of the United States, requiring the Secretary of State to publish notification, with his certificate, that any amendment which heretofore has been, or hereafter may be, proposed to the constitution of the United States, has been adopted, according to the provisions of the constitution and that the amendment has become valid as a part of the constitution of the United States. The notification is to specify the states which have adopted the amendment.

April 25, 1818 The Niles Register, a Baltimore newspaper published by H. Niles of Baltimore, carries an article forwarded by the National Intelligencer. Congress being out of session at that time, Mr. Niles took the opportunity to review much of the congressional business that had taken place prior to the publication date. An article appears stating that, while everyone believed the 13th Amendment had been duly ratified, and although Congress had already printed an edition of the Constitution which included the amendment, South Carolina had failed to ratify, and therefore the amendment was not law after all. No mention is made of Virginia.

North Carolina's vote at this point was not necessary since the Amendment was already ratified. The newspaper simply did not count the ratifying States properly.

December 3, 1818 Illinois becomes the 21st state, but is not consulted regarding the pending 13th amendment.

Congress contracts a Philadelphia printer to make pocket editions of the US Constitution. This printer includes the original 13th Amendment. The House passes a resolution asking President Monroe to report back if the TONA has actually been adopted. Monroe passes the project over to his Sec. of State, John Quincy Adams.

January 2, 1819 Thomas Ritchie is elected by both houses of the legislature as Printer to the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is reported that the revision of the laws is proceeding rapidly.

March 6, 1819 Magill brings a bill on the Revised Laws of Virginia before the legislature.

March 10, 1819 The Virginia legislature passes Act No. 280 (Virginia archives of Richmond, "misc." file, p. 299 for micro-film):

"Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that there shall be published an edition of the Laws of this Commonwealth in which shall be contained the following matters, that is to say; the Constitution of the United States and the amendments thereto. ..." VA Act 280

March 12, 1819 The Richmond Enquirer, published by Thomas Ritchie, official Printer to the Commonwealth, announces that for the first time, the complete laws of the State of Virginia are available as a compact publication in 2 volumes, edited by B. W. Leigh. The State has ordered 4,000 volumes for the use of its officers, judges and magistrates at a cost of $6 each.

Sufficient copies of the Revised Code have been printed to make it available for public sale, and it is advertised as such in a Richmond newspaper. Research conducted on this subject indicates that at least six or seven other Virginia newspapers also carry advertisements for the new Code.

If not ratified at an earlier date, the inclusion in this publication serves as ratification and notice to the world that Virginia has ratified the 13th Amendment. Thus, the 13th Amendment's official date of ratification can be set as, March 12, 1819, the date of re-publication of the Virginia Civil Code: 10 copies are designated for the executive branch of Virginia, 5 copies for the Clerk of the general assembly, and 4 copies for the Secretary of State of the United States; 1 copy each for Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and President James Monroe; 1 copy each for the U.S. Senate, House, and Library of Congress, and 1 copy for every judge in the courts of Virginia. The Constitution sets no procedure for announcing the ratification of an Amendment by a State.

Ohio publishes the 13th Amendment. It also appears in a private printing in North Carolina.

In spite of all this, and in spite of the fact that he received 4 copies of the Virginia Laws, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams reports twice to Congress during the year that not quite enough states have ratified the proposal to accomplish its adoption.

March 15, 1819 Maine becomes the 23rd state. Until then, it had been the District of Maine, attached to Massachusetts.

February 24, 1820 Virginia's General Assembly passes an act requiring the governor to transmit four copies of several different editions of Virginia's laws, for the year 1792 and specific later years, including the session laws for both 1818 and 1819; i.e., the two volume set of Virginia's 1819 Revised Code to the U.S. State Department. Thus, the Federal Government receives formal notification from Virginia that it had ratified the Titles of Nobility Amendment.

At least one of these two volume sets sent to the State Department, and notated as received 29 August 1821, is still in the possession of the Library of Congress.

It almost seems like the politicians in Washington were bent on ignoring the actions of Virginia.

August 10, 1821 Missouri becomes the 24th state. Prior to that, it was a territory called the Missouri Country.

Connecticut, having previously refused to ratify the amendment, publishes the 13th Amendment in the Statute Laws.

North Carolina also publishes the 13th Amendment.

Thomas Jefferson, framer of the Constitution, writes to Judge Spencer Roane, editor of the Virginia Statutes in a continuing correspondence, "Time indeed changes manners and notions, and so far we must expect institutions to bend to them. But time produces also corruption of principles, and against this it is the duty of good citizens to be ever on the watch, and if the gangrene is to prevail at last, let the day be kept off as long as possible."

April 22, 1822 Governor Thomas Randolph of Virginia sends a letter to Governor John Adair of Kentucky recommending Benjamin Watkins Leigh as advisor for the revision of the Statute Law of Kentucky. Leigh subsequently becomes advisor to the editors of the revision.

Kentucky and Rhode Island, even though Rhode Island had previously rejected the amendment, both publish the new 13th Amendment.

1823 Massachusetts, Mississipi, Illinois, and the Territory of Florida all publish the 13th Amendment.

1824 The TONA appears in the State Law books of Mississippi. No protest at being left out of the ratification process is noted.

Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Connecticut publish the 13th Amendment.

Dec 24, 1824 Major Trueman Cross, Deputy Quarter-Master-General of the Army, requests authorization from Secretary of War John C. Calhoun to compile and publish the "Military Laws of the United States to which will be prefixed the Constitution of the United States"

Dec 30, 1824 John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War under President James Monroe, approves the publication of "Military Laws of the United States to which will be prefixed the Constitution of the United States"

January 13, 1825 Mr. Holmes, of Maine, submitted the following motion for consideration: Resolved, That the Committee on the Library be instructed to furnish to each of the standing committees a full set of the laws of the United States, suitably marked and lettered, to designate the committee to whom each set belongs; the same to be deposited in the Library during the recess of Congress.

Mr. Chandler submitted the following motions for consideration: Resolved, That the Secretary of War be directed to cause to be made, and laid before the Senate, as soon as may be, an abstract of the rules and regulations for the field exercise and manoeuvres of the infantry, and the general regulations for the army which is observed and practiced upon by the army of the United States, in such a manner as shall be best adapted to the use of the militia of the United States. This is Congressional approval for the Military Laws to be published

January 17, 1825 The Senate proceeded to consider the motions of the 13th instant, directing the Secretary of War to lay before the Senate an abstract of the rules and regulations of the army, and a report of the divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, and companies of militia; and agreed thereto. This is the next step in the publication of the Military Laws.

March 4, 1825 John Quincy Adams begins his term as President of the United States. Son of former President John Adams, he personally witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill. Educated at Harvard as an attorney, he served as secretary to his father in Europe, Minister to Holland, member of the Berlin Legation, then the U.S. Senate in 1802, Minister to Russia in 1808, and in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1830. He also served as Secretary of State to James Monroe.

1825 Missouri, Maine, Louisiana and the Territory of Florida publish the 13th Amendment. While the States are responsible for their own publications the Territory of Florida must have the content approved, and must have approval from the United States Congress to publish.

Maine orders 10,000 copies of the Constitution with the 13th Amendment to be printed for use in the schools

The "Military Laws of the United States to which is prefixed the Constitution of the United States", authorized by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun , is published. It contains the 13th Amendment in its proper place.

Of note also, the 2nd Amendment is properly presented as originally ratified and as shown in all presentations until after the time of the Civil War and Reconstruction, without the extra commas after the words "Militia" and "Arms" The only source properly presented today is that for the United States Senate on the United States Government Printing Office site at http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/constitution/amdt2.html

A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed. - 2nd Article of the Bill of Rights.

1827 Michigan and Illinois publish the 13th Amendment.

1828 North Carolina publishes the 13th Amendment.

March 4, 1829 Andrew Jackson begins his term as President of the United States. An attorney from Tennessee, he was the first Representive from Tennessee in Congress, later served in the Senate, and was a Major General in the War of 1812.

1829 The following "note" appears on p. 23, Vol. 1 of the "New York Revised Statutes":

"In the edition of the 'Laws of the U.S,' before referred to, there is an amendment printed as Article 13, prohibiting citizens from accepting titles of nobility or honor, or presents, offices, &c. from foreign nations. But, by a message of the president of the United States of the 4th of February, 1818, in answer to a resolution of the house of representatives, it appears that this amendment had been ratified only by 12 states, and therefore had not been adopted. See vol. iv of the printed papers of the 1st session of the 15th Congress, No. 76."

The 4th of February, 1818 date is prior to the March 10, 1819 Virgina Act that authorized the publication of the Laws of Virginia.

1831 Maine, Indiana, and Ohio publish the 13th Amendment.

1833 Ohio and the Northwest Territories, Michigan, and Illinois, publish the 13th Amendment.

Here again, the States are responsible for their own publications, but the United States Congress is responsible for publication of Territorial documents.

Justice Joseph Story of the U.S. Supreme Court publishes "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States", which shows only the first twelve amendments as adopted. The document is heavily relied upon by judges and attorneys everywhere.

Is this the first conscious step in removing the 13th Amendment?

1835 Ohio, Missouri and Connecticut publish the 13th Amendment.

Benjamin Watkins Leigh, editor and revisor of the 1819 Virginia codes, is elected Senator for Virginia. We now know there is a person in the United States Senate that is knowledgable about Virginia's actions on the 13th Amendment. Yet he makes no move to deny Virginia's ratification.

1836 Senator Benjamin Watkins Leigh of Virginia leaves office.

March 4, 1837 Martin Van Buren becomes President. A trained attorney, he serves as Senator from New York in 1821, Secretary of State in 1827, Vice President in 1832.

1837 Florida again publishes the 13th Amendment.

1838 Indiana again publishes the 13th amendment.

1839 Missisppi, Illinois, Connecticut, and the Territory of Iowa publish the 13th Amendment.

1840 Missouri publishes the 13th Amendment.

March 4, 1841 William Henry Harrison becomes President. A Virginia planter, he serves in the Army from 1791 to 1798, when he becomes Secretary of the Northwest Territory, and its delegate to Congress. He later serves as Governor of the Indiana Territory from 1801 to 1811, and as a General in the War of 1812.

April 4, 1841 President Harrison dies after just 30 days in office. John Tyler becomes president. Tyler is an attorney from Virginia, and a strict constitutionalist. He has served in the Virginia House of Delegates 3 times - from 1811-1816, 1823-25, and from 1839-1840. He has also served in the House of Representaives from 1817 to 1821, as Governor of Virginia twice, in the U.S. Senate, and, of course, as Vice President.

1841 Missouri again publishes the 13th Amendment.

1843 Iowa Territory publishes the 13th Amendment.

March 3, 1845 Congress contracts an official collection of federal laws, this time with Little & Brown of Boston, called "The United States Statutes at Large". The edition shows that only 12 amendments had been adopted. No current member of the House of Representives from Virginia was serving in that state's government at the time of ratification of the original 13th Amendment.

March 4, 1845 James Polk becomes President. An attorney from North Carolina, Polk has served in the Tennessee Legislature, and in the House of Representatives. He served as Speaker of the House 1835-1839, then became Governor of Tennessee.

1845 Missouri publishes the 13th Amendment again.

1848 Ohio again publishes the 13th Amendment.

March 4, 1849 Zachary Taylor becomes President of the United States. Taylor, from Kentucky, is a career soldier, veteran of the Mexican War, and a resident of Louisiana with large holdings in Mississippi. Though a staunch anti-secessionist, his only son later becomes a Confederate General.

1849 Virginia revises the 1819 'Civil Code of Virginia' (which had contained the 13th Amendment for 30 years). At this time one of the Code's Revisers (a lawyer named 'Patton') writes to the current Secretary of the Navy, William Ballard Preston , asking if this amendment had been ratified or appeared by mistake. Preston, a Virginia native, was the son of former Virginia Governor James Patton Preston , nephew of John Floyd , also a Virginia Governor, and cousin to John Buchanan Floyd - yet another Virginia Governor. If this weren't enough, William Ballard Preston had himself been twice a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, a member of the Virginia Senate, and a Virginia member of the House of Representatives. If he did not have an answer to the query, he was certainly in a position to find out. No record of his reply is known.

July 9, 1850 President Taylor dies, and Millard Fillmore becomes President of the United States. An attorney from New York, he has served in various state offices, then in the House of Representatives. He became Comptroller of New York, but left the post to become Vice President of the United States in 1848.

March 4,1853 Franklin Pierce becomes President of the United States. An attorney from New Hampshire, he has served in that state's legislature. He is also a Mexican War veteran who has served both as Representative and Senator for his state in the 1830's.

1855 The 13th Amendment is included with the Kansas Territorial Statutes.

Louisiana and Nebraska Territory publish the 13th Amendment.

1856 Nebraska Territory publishes the 13th Amendment again.

March 4, 1857 James Buchanan becomes President of the United States. Trained in law, he serves 5 times in the House as Representative from Pennylvania. He further serves as Minister to Russia, Senator from Pennsylvania for 10 years, Secretary of State under Polk, and Minister to Great Britain.

1857 Nebraska Territory again publishes the 13th Amendment.

1858 Nebraska Territory again publishes the 13th Amendment.

1859 Nebraska Territory publishes the 13th Amendment again.

1860 The Southern States are threatening to secede from the union over the long standing issue of tariffs.

November, 1860 Abraham Lincoln is elected President, James Buchanan still serving.

December 3, 1860 President Buchanan asks Congress for an "explanatory amendment" designed to convince the southern states not to secede. President-elect Abraham Lincoln approves. Congress approves the Joint Resolution, and it signed by the Speaker of The House William Pennington, Vice President of the United states and President of the Senate John C. Breckenridge, and later approved by President Buchanan, certified by the Clerk of the House.

December 20, 1860 South Carolina secedes from the union, the first to do so.The Secession Convention of South Carolina voted unanimously in favor of leaving the union at 1:07 PM. The declarations were signed later that evening starting at 6:00 PM.

1860 Nebraska Territory publishes the 13th Amendment again.

January 9, 1861 Mississippi secedes from the union.

January 10, 1861 Florida secedes from the union.

January 11, 1861 Alabama secedes from the union.

January 19, 1861 Georgia secedes from the union.

January 26, 1861 Louisiana secedes from the union.

January 29, 1861 Kansas is admitted to the Union as a Free State

February 1, 1861 Texas secedes from the union.

February 4, 1860 A Peace Convention, sponsored by the Virginia State Legislature, convenes in Washington, D.C. to try for peace. Though invited, no seceded states officially attend. The Convention is a failure.

February 4, 1860 Delegates from South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas meet in Montgomery, Alabama to write the Confederate States of America Constitution.

February 28, 1860 The proposed "explanatory amendment" often referred to as the " Corwin amendment " is passed by the House, regarding permanent protection of slavery in those States where it then existed. It was silent on the subject of servitude in the Territories.

It is also called the 13th Amendment. This is the first time in our history that an Amendment to the Constitution has been deliberatly numbered. No protest is made that the number was already used. This is the final brazen step in eliminating the true 13th Amendment.

The seceded states, of course, take no interest.

March 2, 1860 The proposed "explanatory amendment" is sent to the states for ratification. The resolution is "approved" and signed by President James Buchanan.

March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln takes office as President of the United States.

April 12, 1861 War Between the States begins at Fort Sumter.

April 17, 1861 Virginia secedes.

May 6, 1861 Arkansas secedes.

May 20, 1861 North Carolina secedes.

June 8, 1861 Tennessee secedes.

1861 Kansas, the Nebraska Territory and the Colorado Territory publish the original 13th Amendment.

March 22, 1862 Illinois ratifies the new "Corwin" Amendment, referring to it as Article 13. However, Illinois' ratification was irregular in that it was conducted by a ratifying convention rather than by the legislature as required by the Constitution. The ratification is invalid.

November 16, 1862 William Ballard Preston, former Virginia Delegate and Senator, U.S. Representative and Secretary of the Navy dies - as a Confederate Senator. This is the man who, in 1849, failed to respond to the request for Virginia's status on the true 13th Amendment.

1862 The Colorado, Dakota and Nebraska Territories, and Kansas, publish the original 13th Amendment

1863 The Territory of Dakota publishes the original 13th Amendment.

December 5, 1864 Congress passes another Resolve to Amend, this one outlawing slavery and removing states' rights from the Constitution. This proposed amendment is signed by the Speaker of the House, Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate H. Hamlin, and also later signed as "approved" by Abraham Lincoln on February 1, 1865, then certified by J.W. Forney as Secretary.

1864 The Territory of Colorado publishes the original 13th Amendment.

January 13, 1865 The amendment of 1864 passes Congress. No protest is made regarding the errant numbering as Article XIII, and the proposal is passed in the absence of 11 former southern states. Another attempt to cover up the true 13th Amendment.

February 1, 1865 The newest "13th" Anti-Slavery Amendment is sent to the states for ratification. The resolution is signed as "approved" by President Lincoln.

1865 Colorado Territory publishes the original 13th Amendment.

April 9, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox.

April 14, 1865 Abraham Lincoln is assassinated

Abraham Lincoln is mortally wounded on April 14th, 1865, while William Seward turns away an attack on his person in his own home; a suspected attacker is turned away from the residence of Vice President Andrew Johnson.

April 15, 1865 Lincoln dies early in the day of April 15th, and Andrew Johnson becomes President of the United States. No adequate explanation for the poor security surrounding Abraham Lincoln is ever provided to a grieving American public.

May 4, 1865 General Dick Taylor surrenders to General Canby all the remaining rebel forces east of the Mississippi and all hostilities of the war cease, except for outlaw bands.

December 6, 1865 Congress reconvenes. 10 of 11 former Confederate states have governments functioning under federal direction.

The legislatures in those states are not validly elected representatives of the people. They are serving as appointees under the military occupation.

None of the 11 states were represented in Congress when the new Amendment was proposed in February. However, 8 of those states ratify the "new" 13th Amendment as part of the preconditions for recognition as states of the United States again.

Isn't it interesting that a condition for being accepted back into the union is the ratification of the "New 13th Amendment" by the bogus legislators?

This provides the necessary three-fourths of the states, and the "new" 13th Amendment is ratified, replacing and effectively erasing the original 13th Amendment which outlaws titles of nobility, honors, and emoluments from foreign powers.

It took the War of 1812 to hide the documents from Virginia, and the Civil war to create the cover to hide the true 13th Amendment itself. Some very powerful people didn't want the ban of Titles of Nobility and the claiming of honors. Who? And, Why?

Amendment XIV

Section 1.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The fourteenth (numbered as the thirteenth) amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-eighth Congress, on the 31st day of January, 1865, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 18th of December, 1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois,

February 1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan, February 2, 1865; Maryland, February 3, 1865; New York, February 3, 1865; Pennsylvania, February 3, 1865; West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri,

February 6, 1865; Maine, February 7, 1865; Kansas, February 7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Virginia, February 9, 1865; Ohio, February 10, 1865; Indiana, February 13, 1865; Nevada, February 16, 1865; Louisiana, February 17, 1865; Minnesota, February 23, 1865; Wisconsin, February 24, 1865; Vermont, March 9, 1865; Tennessee, April 7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14, 1865; Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New Hampshire,

July 1, 1865; South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama, December 2, 1865; North Carolina, December 4, 1865; Georgia, December 6, 1865. Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Oregon, December 8, 1865; California, December 19, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865 (Florida again ratified on June 9, 1868, upon its adoption of a new constitution); Iowa, January 15, 1866; New Jersey, January 23, 1866 (after having rejected the amendment on March 16, 1865); Texas, February 18, 1870; Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected the amendment on
February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on February 24, 1865). The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865.

December 18, 1865 Secretary of State William Seward announces ratification of the "new" 13th Amendment, which loudly prohibits slavery in Section 1 - and quietly surrenders States' Rights to the federal government in Section 2.

April 2, 1866 A Proclamation is issued by President Andrew Johnson that all of the States formerly considered to be in rebellion have returned to a condition of normalcy, including their ratification of an "amendment abolishing slavery." In that official proclamation he does not refer to it by any number.

How could States that are not fully recognized by the union, and who are under martial law and military control have the power to ratify anything? They do not have a congress that is elected by the people, no do they have State officers who have been elected.

1866 The Territory of Colorado again publishes the original 13th Amendment, with the anti-slavery amendment shown as the 14th Amendment.

March 1, 1867 Nebraska gains statehood and is admitted to the union

1867 The Territory of Colorado again publishes the original 13th Amendment in two editions, one edition translating the laws of Colorado into Spanish

1867 The Dakota Territory again publishes the original 13th Amendment, showing the anti-slavery amendment as the 14th.

1868 The State of Kansas and the Territory of Colorado again publish the original 13th Amendment. In both the Kansas and the Colorado Territory publications the original 13th Amendment, despite the fact that another amendment called the 13th had been ratified, includes both the original 13th Amendment in its proper place and the newer "Anti-Slavery" Amendment on the same page as the 14th Amendment.

1870 The Wyoming Territory again publishes the original 13th Amendment, showing the anti-slavery amendment as the 14th.

September 1, 1873 Nebraska, having gained Statehood in 1867, again publishes the original 13th Amendment with the issuance of the General Statutes of the State of Nebraska, compiled from the 1866 revised statutes of the Territory, the various session laws since enacted, including the acts passed at the ninth and tenth sessions of the legislature in 1873. The Anti-Slavery amendment is shown as Article XIV.

1876 Wyoming Territory publishes the original 13th Amendment, the last known publication which contains it. The "new" anti-slavery amendment is shown as the 14th, the current 14th is not shown, but the current 15th is in its proper order.

1896 In the Government Publication, "Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1896 -- in Two Volumes, Vol. II.", is an essay titled "The Proposed Amendments To The Constitution Of The United States Of America During The First Century Of Its History", by Herman V. Ames, Ph.D. , University of Pennsylvania, [entered into the record of the House of Representatives for the 54th Congress, 2d Session., HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES., Doc. No. 353, Part 2]. One of the amendments discussed by Ames was Article XIII. On page 329, Ames reports on the status of the ratification (1818) by twelve states, rejection by four, and that there is no record from Virginia. Ames, like Monroe, Adams and all the other political people of the time, concludes that only the original participants in the debates (17 States) were accountable to determine if there was a proper ratification or not. No mention is made of Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, or any other state that joined the Union after 1810.

1913 William Torrence of the State Library staff in Virginia removes the original vouchers of the public printers from the auditor's storage rooms. Are the Vouchers important? Read on!

1917 Published by Dr. Earl G. Swem , Librarian, College of William and Mary, "A Bibliography of Virginia" is issued in two parts, under the heading "Bulletin Virginia State Library". Part II reads: "Containing the Titles of the Printed Official Documents of the Commonwealth, 1776-1916." The compilation is executed by William Torrence of the State Library Staff, but Dr. Swem adds considerable cachet to the publication with this statement, quoted as is, from the Introduction: "It would have been impossible to clear up the uncertainty about many items printed from 1776 to 1820, if the original vouchers of the public printers had not been found. These vouchers were among the manuscripts which the compiler of this volume removed from the auditor's storage rooms in 1913."

1917 For the first time, a time limit is imposed for ratification of a constitutional amendment. Section 3 of the 18th Amendment states that: "This Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified ... within seven years from the date of submission, to the States by Congress." The time limit affects only this particular amendment, but the habit of time limits is adopted for future amendments.

1920 In a habeas corpus petition concerning a man convicted under the National Prohibition Act. In Ex parte Dillon, 262 F. 563 (N.D. Cal. 1920), the court holds that the amendment became effective upon ratification, and not on the date of the Secretary's proclamation.

In United States ex rel Widenmann v. Colby, 265 F. 998 (1920), aff., 257 U.S. 619, 42 S.Ct. 169 (1921), In a case concerning the proclamation made by the U. S. Secretary of State that an amendment (the 18th) had been ratified, the court holds that the Secretary of State was merely performing a ministerial act in making such proclamation and that an amendment becomes a part of the U. S. Constitution when ratified by the requisite number of states, and not when the Secretary's proclamation is made.

1921 In Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368, 41 S. Ct. 510 (1921) the court again holds that amendments are effective upon the date of ratification, not the date of announcement of ratification.

1983 David Dodge and Tom Dunn discover an 1825 Maine edition the U.S. Constitution containing the original 13th Amendment which no longer appears in the Constitution.

December 23, 1999 TONA Committee of Correspondence Researcher Suzanne Nevling discovers compelling evidence of Virginia's ratification of the 13th Amendment at the University of California at Davis and subsequently discovers the State Department Copy in the Library of Congress of the Revised Code of the Laws of Virginia which was sent to the State Department as notification of the Ratification of the 13th Titles of Nobility and Honor Article of Amendment to the Constitution For The United States.

As we have attempted to demonstrate, there are ongoing unlawful attempts to abrogate and modify our Constitution. Our freedom is under attack. Not from an armed outside enemy, but from trusted officials whom we have elected, or appointed, to watch over our Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. The no more insidious assault than an attack by trusted individuals from within the system. These people have violated their Constitutional duties. link (http://www.constitutionalconcepts.org/13thamend-%20chrono.htm)

[Rocky_Shorz]

Through our History books, Steven's was touted as a hero...

looking back now I see this lawyer turned Legislator as the one who made the 13th amendment disappear...

" In the late 1820s, anti-Masonic feeling was on the rise, putting many local and national leaders who were active Masons on the defensive. In a letter dated January 11, 1835, to John Quincy Adams, Stevens sought the former president’s views, which he felt might “materially aid the cause of pure Antimasonry.” The Whigs in Pennsylvania found it easy to come together in opposition to President Andrew Jackson—a Mason—and his attack on the U.S. Bank. Stevens favored rechartering the Bank, while Jackson opposed it. Stevens and the Whigs believed firmly in sound money and high tariffs. Jacksonian democracy became their common enemy.

Stevens the lawyer took up more high-profile cases, at least once placing himself in the middle of a convoluted feud between the local anti-Masonic newspaper (which he would later come to own) and the local pro-Masonic newspaper. In 1833, he was elected to the state legislature as the representative from Adams County. In a speech in the State House in March 1834, he railed against Governor George Wolf and President Andrew Jackson for their policies regarding the Bank of the United States—policies which, Stevens felt, left Pennsylvania in debt and without credit: “A spendthrift Administration, regardless of every thing but the wants of their needy favorites, have squandered her treasure, deranged her finances, and loaded her people with burthens, . . . the hungry cormorants of office and plunder will hardly be sated!”...

The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens, edited by Beverly Wilson Palmer and Holly Byers Ochoa and published by the University of Pittsburgh Press. “The Old Commoner,” as he came to be known, had nearly indecipherable handwriting and destroyed many of his letters. The natural question is, Was he hiding something?

In Stevens’s last eight years, starting in 1859, his victories in Congress were roughly equal in number to his losses, but the quality of his victories could be considered great. He passed a bill to authorize black soldiers and a bill for the Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery, which represented the culmination of much of his life’s work. Passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, establishing equal protection before the law and the right of all males to vote, were major victories for Stevens and the Republicans, but during this same period Stevens saw a large number of defeats, such as the failed attempt to impeach Andrew Johnson. link (http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/novemberdecember/feature/remarkable-radical-thaddeus-stevens)


the thirteenth Amendment would have prevented a very important President from being elected... it disappeared replaced with our current one while he was in office...

"Stevens corresponded with another young lawyer interested in antislavery issues: Abraham Lincoln who, then a U.S. congressman, had met Stevens at the Philadelphia Whig convention. “You may possibly remember seeing me at the Philadelphia Convention—introduced to you as the lone Whig star of Illinois,” wrote Lincoln, almost deferentially, in September 1848. Thus began one of the few letters between the two future Republicans who would lead the country through civil war and emancipation..."


The first action by Republicans, was to erase the amendment handing control of the government over to Lawyers and Bankers, ignorant Americans only knew they were freeing the slaves, not knowing in doing so, they were agreeing to become one...

[Rocky_Shorz]

Steven's fought against Andrew Jackson's decision to close the central bank of the United States...

Pre-Fed Reserve Notes
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/US_$5_1907_United_States_Note.jpg
http://media.urbantabloid.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/US-bills-1.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/US_$10,000_1882_Gold_Certificate.jpg

"Why The United States Bank Was Closed

President Andrew Jackson
July 10, 1832

A BANK of the United States is in many respects convenient for the Government and useful to the people. Entertaining this opinion, and deeply impressed with the belief that some of the powers and privileges possessed by the existing Bank are unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive of the rights of the States, and dangerous to the liberties of the people, I felt it my duty, at an early period of my administration, to call the attention of Congress to the practicability of organizing an institution combining all its advantages, and obviating these objections. I sincerely regret that, in the act before me, I can perceive none of those modifications of the Bank charter which are necessary, in my opinion, to make it compatible with justice, with sound policy, or with the Constitution of our country.

Every monopoly, and all exclusive privileges, are granted at the expense of the public, which ought to receive a fair equivalent. The many millions which this act proposes to bestow on the stockholders of the existing Bank must come directly or indirectly out of the earnings of the American people. It is due to them, therefore, if their Government sell monopolies and exclusive privileges, that they should at least exact for them as much as they are worth in open market. The value of the monopoly in this case may be correctly ascertained. The twenty-eight millions of stock would probably be at an advance of fifty per cent, and command in market at least forty-two millions of dollars, subject to the payment of the present bonus. The present value of the monopoly, therefore, is seventeen millions of dollars, and this the act proposes to sell for three millions, payable in fifteen annual installments of two hundred thousand dollars each.

It is not conceivable how the present stockholders can have any claim to the special favor of the Government. The present corporation has enjoyed its monopoly during the period stipulated in the original contract. If we must have such a corporation, why should not the Government sell out the whole stock, and thus secure to the people the full market value of the privileges granted? Why should not Congress create and sell twenty-eight millions of stock, incorporating the purchasers with all the powers and privileges secured in this act, and putting the premium upon the sales into the Treasury.

It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present Bank, that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample; and if it has been well managed, its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own: and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will there ever be a time when this reason will be less powerful? To acknowledge its force is to admit that the Bank ought to be perpetual; and, as a consequence, the present stockholders, and those inheriting their rights as successors, be established a privileged order, clothed both with great political power and enjoying immense pecuniary advantages from their connection with the Government. The modifications of the existing charter, proposed by this act, are not such, in my views, as make it consistent with the rights of the States or the liberties of the people.

Is there no danger to our liberty and independence in a Bank that in its nature has so little to bind it to our country. The president of the Bank has told us that most of the State banks exist by its forbearance. Should its influence become concentered, as it may under the operation of such an act as this, in the hands of a self-elected directory, whose interests are identified with those of the foreign stockholders, will there not be cause to tremble for the purity of our elections in peace, and for the independence of our country in war. Their power would be great whenever they might choose to exert it; but if this monopoly were regularly renewed every fifteen or twenty years, on terms proposed by themselves, they might seldom in peace put forth their strength to influence elections or control the affairs of the nation. But if any private citizen or public functionary should interpose to curtail its powers, or prevent a renewal of its privileges, it cannot be doubted that he would be made to feel its influence.

Should the stock of the Bank principally pass into the hands of the subjects of a foreign country, and we should unfortunately become involved in a war with that country, what would be our condition? Of the course which would be pursued by a bank almost wholly owned by the subjects of a foreign power, and managed by those whose interests, if not affections, would run in the same direction, there can be no doubt. All its operations within would be in aid of the hostile fleets and armies without. Controlling our currency, receiving our public moneys, and holding thousands of our citizens in dependence, it would be more formidable and dangerous than the naval and military power of the enemy….

It is maintained by the advocates of the Bank, that its constitutionality, in all its features, ought to be considered as settled by precedent, and by the decision of the Supreme Court. To this conclusion I cannot assent. Mere precedent is a dangerous source of authority, and should not be regarded as deciding questions of constitutional power, except where the acquiescence of the people and the States can be considered as well settled. So far from this being the case on this subject, an argument against the Bank might be based on precedent. One Congress, in 1791, decided in favor of a bank; another, in 1811, decided against it. One Congress, in 1815, decided against a bank; another, in 1816, decided in its favor. Prior to the present Congress, therefore, the precedents drawn from that source were equal. If we resort to the States, the expressions of legislative, judicial, and executive opinions against the Bank have been probably to those in its favor as four to one. There is nothing in precedent, therefore, which, if its authority were admitted, ought to weigh in favor of the act before me.

If the opinion of the Supreme Court covered the whole ground of this act, it ought not to control the coordinate authorities of this Government. The Congress, the Executive, and the Court, must each for itself be guided by its own opinion of the Constitution. Each public officer, who takes an oath to support the Constitution, swears that he will support it as he understands it, and not as it is understood by others. It is as much the duty of the House of Representatives, of the Senate, and of the President to decide upon the constitutionality of any bill or resolution which may be presented to them for passage or approval as it is of the supreme judges when it may be brought before them for judicial decision….

It cannot be necessary to the character of the Bank as a fiscal agent of the Government that its private business should be exempted from that taxation to which all the State banks are liable; nor can I conceive it proper that the substantive and most essential powers reserved by the States shall be thus attacked and annihilated as a means of executing the powers delegated to the general government. It may be safely assumed that none of those sages who had an agency in forming or adopting our Constitution, ever imagined that any portion of the taxing power of the States, not prohibited to them nor delegated to Congress, was to be swept away and annihilated as a means of executing certain powers delegated to Congress….

Suspicions are entertained, and charges are made, of gross abuse and violation of its charter. An investigation unwillingly conceded, and so restricted in time as necessarily to make it incomplete and unsatisfactory, disclosed enough to excite suspicion and alarm. In the practices of the principal bank partially unveiled, in the absence of important witnesses, and in numerous charges confidently made, and as yet wholly uninvestigated, there was enough to induce a majority of the committee of investigation, a committee which was selected from the most able and honorable members of the House of Representatives, to recommend a suspension of further action upon the bill, and a prosecution of the inquiry. As the charter had yet four years to run, and as a renewal now was not necessary to the successful prosecution of its business, it was to have been expected that the Bank itself, conscious of its purity, and proud of its character, would have withdrawn its application for the present, and demanded the severest scrutiny into all its transactions. In their declining to do so, there seems to be an additional reason why the functionaries of the Government should proceed with less haste and more caution in the renewal of their monopoly….

I have now done my duty to my country. If sustained by my fellow citizens, I shall be grateful and happy; if not, I shall find in the motives which impel me ample grounds for contentment and peace. In the difficulties which surround us and the dangers which threaten our institutions there is cause for neither dismay nor alarm. For relief and deliverance let us firmly rely on that kind Providence which, I am sure, watches with peculiar care over the destinies of our republic, and on the intelligence and wisdom of our countrymen. Through His abundant goodness, and their patriotic devotion, our liberty and Union will be preserved.

Source: America, Vol.6, Pg.111" link (http://www.lexrex.com/enlightened/writings/bank/jackson.htm)

http://cp91279.biography.com/1000509261001/1000509261001_2036433072001_Andrew-Jackson-The-Twenty-Dollar-Bill-redo.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iI3WeLEkCr4/UA8YogL9qJI/AAAAAAAAFvE/WKk06hlzBCI/s1600/10d_1914_b1349558stern.jpg
http://www.antiquemoney.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/10-blue-seal-federal-reserve-note.jpg


What Irony, the person who fought against a Central Bank owning America, was put on one of the most common Federal Reserve Notes ever printed...

must be the same people who thought it would be funny to make Social Security numbers the Mark of the beast, section 666...

[pyrangello]

I've been sued a couple of times being in business, this last one wore me out though and almost broke me, a lawsuit from an employee based on a foundation of lies all fabricated to create a lawsuit. The spider web that the attorneys spun was unbelievable and the cost to defend myself was just as bad. 32 months of being dragged around in the courtroom not knowing what other lies were going to be generated only for me to be treated as guilty until proven innocent, even my attorney said all this was is legalized extortion. After all of this I can honestly say why our country (US) is so screwed up,most are attorneys . Having to deal with social paths and psychopaths for 32 months in my own world with this suit made me realize that. It also made me realize why you never see attorneys in public places like bars or restaurants , because somewhere along the lines they have stuck it up someones axx and they know it and done it all legally ruining families, businesses, and lives all for greed. Danny Divito said it best in the movie "the war and the roses". He made the joke "What do you call a 1000 attorneys at the bottom of the sea? A GOOD START!

[TrumanCash]

A surgeon, an engineer, and a lawyer were arguing about which profession was the oldest, and the doctor said, "Well, on the fifth day of Creation, God took a rib from Adam, so surgery is the oldest profession." The engineer said, "But, before that, God created the heavens and earth from chaos, so engineering is the oldest profession." And the lawyer said, "Yes, but who created the chaos?"

[Dennis Leahy]

...

Imagine! A government without special privileges or immunities. It would be … almost like … a government … of the people … by the people … for the people! Imagine: a government … whose members were truly accountable to the public; a government that could not systematically exploit its own people! It’s unheard of … it’s never been done before. Not ever in the entire history of the world. We've got to push our imaginations a bit further than this. US citizens MUST control the entire US electoral paradigm, or the Elite will just continue to fill all seats with Elite-aligned individuals. The Elite don't NEED lawyers in office to do their bidding, they just need Elite-aligned people in office to do their bidding. If we really really want a "government of the people...", then we will have to control the election process to ensure that the seats are 100% filled with citizen-aligned citizens as representatives. (And, it makes no difference if anyone wants a change in the form of governance - that too would have to start with citizens first gaining control of our own governance.)

[Carmody]

Essentially, if one is not taking a full active personal physical role in the election system, and staying on top of the governmental situation in the same manner, it will become polluted by parasites and proceed to slowly evolve into eating you alive.

And that is what things have descended to, with regard to government and parasitical intrusion and control of said government.

You were lulled into sleep by the very mechanisms and levers built into your psychology and physiology....and your world is now quite obviously filled with parasites which are eating you alive.

[Wide-Eyed]

Excellent stuff Rocky thank you going to reread. What is Daniel Sheahan's take on this - he is a constitutional lawyer isn't he?

[Rocky_Shorz]

Can anyone find info and names of the "whiggs" at the time, there must be pictures somewhere...

[Rocky_Shorz]

Excellent stuff Rocky thank you going to reread. What is Daniel Sheahan's take on this - he is a constitutional lawyer isn't he?


I find a lot about disclosure but nothing on the 13th amendment, I'm sure practicing lawyers would be disBared for bringing up anything that would cost lawyers their livelihood...

We need to find someone who is no longer a lawyer for answers to this mystery