Geomagnetic Reversals and Ice Ages

[onawah]

New Sunspots Growing, Major FRB, Southern Ocean Floor
15,708 views Jun 9, 2022
4.1K
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613K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
Southern Ocean: https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/servic...
FRB: https://public.nrao.edu/news/strange-...
Saturday Reading for Kids: https://m.facebook.com/events/3094400...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Z7nCoNnD7zQ

[onawah]

Solar Flares Return, Coronal Hole, Space News
13,684 views mJun 10, 2022
3.7K
Suspicious0bservers
613K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
X-ray in Space: https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/202...
Planet Formation? https://www.iac.es/en/outreach/news/p...
NuSTAR: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-n...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=OAqE64blpO8

[onawah]

EUV Space Weather Analysis | Flare & Filament at the Limb
9,145 views Jun 10, 2022
2.8K
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613K subscribers

Daily Sun, Earth and Science News! Just Click our Name for More!

WATCH:
Big Burb | The Disaster Vehicle: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...

SOCIAL MEDIA:
GETTR: https://www.gettr.com/user/bendavidson
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/observatoryp...
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mobileobser...

DIVE DEEPER:
Our Books: https://otf.selz.com

Our Websites:
https://ObserverRanch.com
https://www.Suspicious0bservers.org
https://www.SpaceWeatherNews.com
https://www.QuakeWatch.net/prediction...
https://www.ObservatoryProject.com
https://www.MagneticReversal.org

The Sun: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ &
http://www.helioviewer.org/ &
https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/data/The... &
http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/i...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=dG97GYh5GKA

[onawah]

Earth's Core Surges, 4-Star System, Sunspots & Coronal Hole
12,675 views Jun 11, 2022
3.8K
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613K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
First Core-Rotation Article: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Today’s Core-Rotation Article: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/s...
Hubble’s Black Hole Nonsense: https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-...
4-Star System: https://www.salt.ac.za/2022/05/20/sal...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Is-w0DJ3qOQ

[onawah]

Solar Forcing, Snowball Earth, Local Event
32,063 views Jun 12, 2022
5.4K
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613K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
***Our Email List: https://view.flodesk.com/pages/6053c8...
Pole To Equator: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.c...
Not the Worst Drought: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.c...
Snowball Earth: https://www.nature.com/articles/s4156...
The Musca SHEET: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.04074.pdf "

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=1Hx_2j0g_lI

[onawah]

Biggest Solar Eruption of the Cycle, 6000-Year Events
22,374 views Jun 13, 2022
5.5K
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613K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
Mesospheric Ionization: https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles...
Heinrich’s, Disaster Cycle, Differing Effects: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Monarchs are Fine: https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2022/june...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=MIW5ewQszZo

[onawah]

Today's Big CME Analysis | NASA v NOAA ENLIL Spiral
22,592 views Jun 13, 2022
4.5K
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613K subscribers

"The bulk of the CME will miss earth, but smaller/sparser components are expected to sweep past the planet on Wednesday, along with a coronal hole stream - geomagnetic storms (low to moderate) are expected."

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=bfp6CbLv8sU

[onawah]

New Pole Shift Maps, Space Weather Incoming, GAIA 3
16,954 views Jun 14, 2022
4.7K
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613K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
Gaia and the Galaxy: https://www.esa.int/Science_Explorati...
Flood Factor Site: https://riskfactor.com/zip/81240-co/8...
Water Vapor Increasing: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.c...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=3y7PsOkgReU

[onawah]

Magnetic Pole Shift | 40 Degree Nonsense
27,575 views Jun 14, 2022
4.8K
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613K subscribers

(Briefly, Ben discredits claims the geomagnetic reversal is happening much more quickly than his estimate, which hasn't changed.
His estimate is that it will complete within 20-30 years, and that is based on much data collated and agreed upon by credible scientists who are not being paid to distort, exaggerate or hide their findings.

Earth Disaster Playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLH...

"Poles set to meet... destroys 40 degree claim.
Pole entering weak fields? no.... this is not a thing.
Same fraud story, different year? Yup."

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=nGx2Q3hMfz0

[onawah]

CME Impact, Advanced Catastrophism
28,411 views Jun 15, 2022
5.3K
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613K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
Magnetism, Not Binary: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.06919.pdf
DOs, Heinrichs, Abrupt Change: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.06832.pdf
Elliptical Disk: https://public.nrao.edu/news/alma-deb...
Earth’s Rotation Data: https://www.timeanddate.com/time/eart...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=e1-u8l6bNxE

[onawah]

Galactic Current Sheet, Geomagnetic Storm, M Flare
13,882 views Jun 16, 2022
3.6K
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613K subscribers


TODAY'S LINKS:
Star Formation in 30 Doradus: https://public.nrao.edu/news/alma-sta...
White Dwarf Eats: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/...
Multiple Perturbations: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.06125.pdf
Unexpected Galactic Magnetism: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=0a3-tWYEt00

[onawah]

Giant Recurring Nova, Polar Bears, Pulsars
30,162 views Jun 17, 2022
5.2K
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613K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
Mars Meteor: https://www.ucdavis.edu/curiosity/new...
200-Year Recurrent Nova on Supergiant: https://news.arizona.edu/story/watchi...
Fastest Nova: https://news.asu.edu/20220614-there-f...
Most-Powerful Pulsar: https://public.nrao.edu/news/powerful...
Polar Bears: https://www.nature.com/articles/d4158...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=4P4Hc7tEeS0

[onawah]

Cattle deaths explained? NASA warns of deadly magnetosphere "rifts" that cause mass extinctions
David DuByne and Mike Adams discuss mass cattle deaths and global crop failures
6/17/22

(At first glance, I had a hard time believing the cattle deaths were caused by overheating, and the event wasn't engineered, with all the other recent attacks on food supplies, facilities, etc.
Some kind of secret weapon or toxin administered to the cattle seemed like a more likely explanation to me.
BUT it's very interesting that the subject of the collapse of the magnetosphere (which I have no doubt is occurring) is being made more public. [/U]
It will also be interesting to hear what Ben Davidson of SuspiciousObservers thinks about all this.
He's been on Mike Adams show as well, and is supposed to come back for a sequel. It would be great if he and DuByne have a conversation about the coming geomagnetic reversal, whiich is a much more serious event than just an Ice Age, though that's a part of it.
And much more from Mike Adams on the subject here: https://www.sgtreport.com/2022/06/ca...mals-on-earth/ )

"David DuByne and Mike Adams discuss mass cattle deaths and global crop failures
The mysterious cattle deaths that took place over the weekend in Kansas -- now rumored to exceed 10,000 head of cattle -- have defied traditional explanations.

As the magnetosphere weakens -- combined with ozone layer depletion -- natural forces can cause "rifts" or gaping holes in the shielding that normally protects Earth from UVB rays emanating from the sun.

The flipping of magnetic North and South poles results in this weakening of the magnetosphere, and this process is already under way on a planetary scale right now.

The mass death of cattle could be one of the first warning signs that the magnetosphere is failing."

https://www.brighteon.com/a7e05abb-5...9-bc11e6942d21

Source: https://www.brighteon.com/embed/a7e05abb-5fb3-45fd-bfe9-bc11e6942d21

[onawah]

Cattle deaths explained? NASA warns of deadly magnetosphere “rifts” that allow intense solar radiation to wipe out large numbers of animals on Earth
by Mike Adams, Natural News
June 17, 2022
https://www.sgtreport.com/2022/06/ca...mals-on-earth/

(This is the article from Mike Adams that is mentioned in the post above. I don't know if DuByne sees the whole picture about the 12,000 year cycle that Ben Davidson talks about. It should be interesting if Mike Adams has them both on together.)

'The mysterious cattle deaths that took place over the weekend in Kansas — now rumored to exceed 10,000 head of cattle — have defied traditional explanations. The official story is that high heat killed the cattle, but I have now personally talked with two owners of cattle in Texas who have both confirmed to me that the official story is nonsense. Cows don’t die all at once from heat, they confirmed to me. When high heat kills cows, they die off slowly, spread out across many days, not all at once.

And this isn’t the first time it’s been hot in Kansas, it turns out. It seems as if everyone has forgotten that every summer, it gets hot in the Midwest.

Other possible explanations for the mass deaths cover sabotage or mass poisoning, as well as the possibility that the ranchers suddenly forgot to provide water to these cows. But that seems incredibly unlikely, given the very high dollar value of 10,000 head of cattle. Given today’s high prices for beef, that comes to several million dollars in financial losses for these ranchers. It is extremely unlikely they simply forgot to provide water.

NASA warns of “rifts” opening in the magnetosphere and ozone layer, allowing intense, deadly solar radiation to beam through those barriers, causing extinction events on Earth
Another explanation is now emerging that might provide the right answer. Yesterday, I interviewed David DuByne of the Mini Ice Age Conversations podcast. His channel is also known as “Adapt 2030.” He revealed that Earth’s magnetosphere is weakening, which is part of a natural process of magnetic pole flipping that has taken place at least hundred of times that we know of.

As the magnetosphere weakens — combined with ozone layer depletion — natural forces can cause “rifts” or gaping holes in the shielding that normally protects Earth from UVB rays emanating from the sun. UVB rays and other, shorter wavelength electromagnetic waves, are so dangerous to life on the surface of the Earth that they are blamed for extinction level events (ELE) that scientists believe wiped out the Neanderthals. (See sources below.)

The mass death of cattle in Kansas, in other words, could be an early warning sign that Earth’s magnetosphere is failing as the magnetic reversal accelerates. If this process accelerates, solar radiation could send “death beams” down upon the surface of the Earth at random times and locations, for years to come.

Here’s my interview with David DuByne, recorded yesterday, where we discuss this and more:
https://www.brighteon.com/a7e05abb-5...9-bc11e6942d21 (This video is embedded in the post above)

NASA experts talk about Earth “without life as we know it” due to solar radiation breaking through. From Science.NASA.gov:

"The magnetosphere is a permeable shield. The solar wind will periodically connect to the magnetosphere forcing it to reconfigure. This can create a rift, allowing energy to pour into our safe haven. These rifts open and close many times daily or even many times hourly. Most of them are small and short-lived; others are vast and sustained. With the Sun’s magnetic field connecting to Earth’s in this way, the fireworks start."

That same article reveals that “life as we know it” would not exist on the surface of the Earth if these powerful beams of energy from the sun were routinely allowed to reach the surface:

Eftyhia Zesta of the Geospace Physics Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center notes, “If there were no magnetic field, we might have a very different atmosphere left without life as we know it.”

Another NASA page from EarthObservatory.NASA.gov also confirms that UVB rays reaching the surface of the Earth would have catastrophic consequences. “Life as we know it would not exist,” says the article. “Scientific concern over ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere has prompted extensive efforts to assess the potential damage to life on Earth due to increased levels of UV-B radiation.”

Ben Davidson is the founder of SuspiciousObservers.org, a website that covers the weakening magnetosphere of our planet. I’ve interviewed him previously and hope to do so again. See my recent interview with him here:

https://www.brighteon.com/0ab152ba-6...4-608fb5bad747

Source: https://www.brighteon.com/embed/0ab152ba-674a-40a7-b794-608fb5bad747

He publishes a related website called MagneticReversal.org which lists the following facts about Earth’s magnetosphere:

1) The south pole has already left Antarctica and the north pole is racing across the arctic ocean.

2) “Earth’s magnetic poles are getting ready to flip.” -Mission Manager, SWARM/ESA

3) The magnetic field began weakening in 1600.

4) The magnetic field weakened 10% from the 1800s to 2000.

5) Earth’s magnetic field was weakening 5% per century, but now is weakening 5% per decade.

6) The magnetic field is continuing to weaken rapidly.

7) Magnetic reversals can occur in less than 100 years.

8) Magnetic reversals lead to extinction events. This was recently confirmed by the #1 geophysics journal.

9) Magnetic reversals may cause biblical floods.

There’s also a channel on YouTube called Magnetic Reversal News that carries a lot of great content about all this. We are hoping they will mirror their entire video collection on Brighteon in case YouTube decides to delete it all:

https://www.youtube.com/c/MagneticReversalNews

Extinction Level Events traced back to magnetosphere weakening and solar radiation “rifts” in Earth’s protective shield
The science journal AGU has published an important article under Review of Geophysics, dated May 29, 2019 by J. E. T. Channell. The article is entitled, “The Role of Geomagnetic Field Intensity in Late Quaternary Evolution of Humans and Large Mammals.” See:
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley....9/2018RG000629

It essentially states that a weakening of Earth’s magnetosphere allows intense solar radiation to break through and reach the surface of the Earth, achieving extinction level events. If you prefer to read this in the language of the science study:

"The demise of Neanderthals at ~41 ka can now be closely tied to the intensity minimum associated with the Laschamp magnetic excursion, and the survival of anatomically modern humans can be attributed to differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor that has a key role in the evolutionary response to UVR flux… Fossil and dung fungal evidence for the age of the Late Quaternary extinction in North America (and Europe) coincide with a prominent decline in geomagnetic field intensity at ~13 ka. Over the last ~200 kyr, phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes in modern humans yields nodes and bifurcations in evolution corresponding to geomagnetic intensity minima, which supports the proposition that UVR reaching Earth’s surface influenced mammalian evolution with the loci of extinction controlled by the geometry of stratospheric ozone depletion."

Again, to summarize, this conclusion is stating that in the areas where Earth’s magnetosphere was sufficiently weakened, intense solar radiation broke through and reached the surface of the Earth, killing off huge numbers of living beings, even causing extinction in the area affected by this “rift.”

In fact, this study is saying that the rise of modern humans was a direct result of this phenomenon wiping out the Neanderthals. The “Laschamp magnetic excursion” simply refers to one of the known magnetic pole reversals that took place in Earth’s history.

Is this what killed all the cattle in Kansas? Is something bigger coming?
Once we understand all this, we now have a plausible explanation for what may have killed the cattle in Kansas. This isn’t proof, but it’s a plausible explanation that aligns with known physics and solar phenomena.

As I discuss in my podcast below, I believe that globalists are aware of an impending cosmic event that threatens planet Earth, and they are withholding this information from humanity while they stockpile food, ammunition and other supplies in vast underground cities, tunnels and bunkers.

This event could simply be a magnetic pole shift which would temporarily expose the surface of the Earth to intense, deadly radiation that would kill any animal or person who couldn’t find shade. This would force much of humanity into hiding or operating at night, and it would obviously collapse the global food supply.

The globalists are preparing to survive underground while the surface of the Earth is obliterated via war, starvation, economic collapse, social chaos and possible solar events. I have extensively discussed this in a 12 minute podcast entitled, “The coming post-apocalypse WAR between underworlders and SURFACE DWELLERS.” Listen here:
https://www.brighteon.com/60284bac-a...f-01b4fd2d11a0

Source: https://www.brighteon.com/embed/60284bac-ad0c-4552-abff-01b4fd2d11a0

In today’s Situation Update podcast, I discuss far more details covering all this, from the magnetosphere, magnetic poles flipping, the globalist depopulation agenda, cosmic events that threaten planet Earth and much more.

Skip to minute 21 to go right to the solar radiation topic..."

Brighteon.com/9e951e8f-e950-4e77-bbf6-ce3f617cc6cc

Source: https://www.brighteon.com/embed/9e951e8f-e950-4e77-bbf6-ce3f617cc6cc

[onawah]

Strange Quake in Georgia, Magnetic Life, Geomagnetic Jerks
22,432 views Jun 18, 2022
5K
Suspicious0bservers
614K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
Magnetic Eels: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/13/1/65
Magnetic Life: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapter...
Magnetic Plants: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapter...
Magnetic Life 2: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapter...
Key Geomagnetic Jerk Features Simulated: https://academic.oup.com/gji/advance-...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=pw_Rps-9b8Q

[onawah]

The Sun Controls Extreme Weather, Galaxy Physics & More
19,388 views Jun 20, 2022
4.3K
Suspicious0bservers
614K subscribers

TODAY'S LINKS:
Tunguska Atmospheric Discharge: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Can A Doesn’t fit Dark Matter: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/ful...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=yJQtG02GhJg

[onawah]

Core Surge and Weakening Magnetic Field
26,573 views Jun 21, 2022
5.1K
Suspicious0bservers
614K subscribers


TODAY'S LINKS:
Inner Core Surge: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.c...
Geomagnetic Secular Variation: https://link.springer.com/article/10....
Big Burb: https://youtu.be/GzWqmtuwlYo
Hurricane Forecast tracks: https://web.uwm.edu/hurricane-models/...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=wk2O9RUEBQ4

[onawah]

The Sun Can Kill Billions & End the Modern World
5,985 viewsJun 22, 2022
1.6K
Suspicious0bservers
614K subscribers

WIRED article: https://www.wired.com/story/sun-stor...6eb_popular4-1

WATCH:
Earth Disaster Playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLH...
Big Burb | The Disaster Vehicle: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=BqO2w_wt9t0

Here Comes the Sun—to End Civilization
BY MATT RIBEL
JUN 21, 2022
https://www.wired.com/story/sun-stor...6eb_popular4-1

"Every so often, our star fires off a plasma bomb in a random direction. Our best hope the next time Earth is in the crosshairs? Capacitors.

TO A PHOTON, the sun is like a crowded nightclub. It’s 27 million degrees inside and packed with excited bodies—helium atoms fusing, nuclei colliding, positrons sneaking off with neutrinos. When the photon heads for the exit, the journey there will take, on average, 100,000 years. (There’s no quick way to jostle past 10 septillion dancers, even if you do move at the speed of light.) Once at the surface, the photon might set off solo into the night. Or, if it emerges in the wrong place at the wrong time, it might find itself stuck inside a coronal mass ejection, a mob of charged particles with the power to upend civilizations.

The cause of the ruckus is the sun’s magnetic field. Generated by the churning of particles in the core, it originates as a series of orderly north-to-south lines. But different latitudes on the molten star rotate at different rates—36 days at the poles, and only 25 days at the equator. Very quickly, those lines stretch and tangle, forming magnetic knots that can puncture the surface and trap matter beneath them. From afar, the resulting patches appear dark. They’re known as sunspots. Typically, the trapped matter cools, condenses into plasma clouds, and falls back to the surface in a fiery coronal rain. Sometimes, though, the knots untangle spontaneously, violently. The sunspot turns into the muzzle of a gun: Photons flare in every direction, and a slug of magnetized plasma fires outward like a bullet.

The sun has played this game of Russian roulette with the solar system for billions of years, sometimes shooting off several coronal mass ejections in a day. Most come nowhere near Earth. It would take centuries of human observation before someone could stare down the barrel while it happened. At 11:18 am on September 1, 1859, Richard Carrington, a 33-year-old brewery owner and amateur astronomer, was in his private observatory, sketching sunspots—an important but mundane act of record-keeping. That moment, the spots erupted into a blinding beam of light. Carrington sprinted off in search of a witness. When he returned, a minute later, the image had already gone back to normal. Carrington spent that afternoon trying to make sense of the aberration. Had his lens caught a stray reflection? Had an undiscovered comet or planet passed between his telescope and the star? While he stewed, a plasma bomb silently barreled toward Earth at several million miles per hour.

When a coronal mass ejection comes your way, what matters most is the bullet’s magnetic orientation. If it has the same polarity as Earth’s protective magnetic field, you’ve gotten lucky: The two will repel, like a pair of bar magnets placed north-to-north or south-to-south. But if the polarities oppose, they will smash together. That’s what happened on September 2, the day after Carrington saw the blinding beam.

Electrical current raced through the sky over the western hemisphere. A typical bolt of lightning registers 30,000 amperes. This geomagnetic storm registered in the millions. As the clock struck midnight in New York City, the sky turned scarlet, shot through with plumes of yellow and orange. Fearful crowds gathered in the streets. Over the continental divide, a bright-white midnight aurora roused a group of Rocky Mountain laborers; they assumed morning had arrived and began to cook breakfast. In Washington, DC, sparks leaped from a telegraph operator’s forehead to his switchboard as his equipment suddenly magnetized. Vast sections of the nascent telegraph system overheated and shut down.

The Carrington Event, as it’s known today, is considered a once-in-a-century geomagnetic storm—but it took just six decades for another comparable blast to reach Earth. In May 1921, train-control arrays in the American Northeast and telephone stations in Sweden caught fire. In 1989, a moderate storm, just one-tenth the strength of the 1921 event, left Quebec in the dark for nine hours after overloading the regional grid. In each of these cases, the damage was directly proportional to humanity’s reliance on advanced technology—more grounded electronics, more risk.

When another big one heads our way, as it could at any time, existing imaging technology will offer one or two days’ notice. But we won’t understand the true threat level until the cloud reaches the Deep Space Climate Observatory, a satellite about a million miles from Earth. It has instruments that analyze the speed and polarity of incoming solar particles. If a cloud’s magnetic orientation is dangerous, this $340 million piece of equipment will buy humanity—with its 7.2 billion cell phones, 1.5 billion automobiles, and 28,000 commercial aircraft—at most one hour of warning before impact.

ACTIVITY ON THE solar surface follows a cycle of roughly 11 years. At the beginning of each cycle, clusters of sunspots form at the middle latitudes of both solar hemispheres. These clusters grow and migrate toward the equator. Around the time they’re most active, known as solar maximum, the sun’s magnetic field flips polarity. The sunspots wane, and solar minimum comes. Then it happens all over again. “I don’t know why it took 160 years of cataloging data to realize that,” says Scott McIntosh, a blunt-speaking Scottish astrophysicist who serves as deputy director of the US National Center for Atmospheric Research. “It hits you right in the ****ing face.”

Today, in the 25th solar cycle since regular record-­keeping began, scientists don’t have much to show beyond that migration pattern. They don’t fully understand why the poles flip. They cannot explain why some sunspot cycles are as short as nine years while others last 14. They cannot reliably predict how many sunspots will form or where coronal mass ejections will occur. What is clear is that a big one can happen in any kind of cycle: In the summer of 2012, during the historically quiet Cycle 24, two mammoth coronal mass ejections narrowly missed Earth. Still, a more active cycle increases the chances of that near miss becoming a direct hit.

When navigation and communication systems fail, the 10,000 or so commercial planes in the sky will attempt a simultaneous grounding. Pilots will eyeball themselves into a flight pattern while air traffic controllers use light signals to guide the planes in.

Without a guiding theory of solar dynamics, scientists tend to take a statistical approach, relying on strong correlations and after-the-fact rationales to make their predictions. One of the more influential models, which offers respectable predictive power, uses the magnetic strength of the sun’s polar regions as a proxy for the vigor of the following cycle. In 2019, a dozen scientists empaneled by NASA predicted that the current solar cycle will peak with 115 sunspots in July 2025—well below the historical average of 179.

McIntosh, who was not invited to join the NASA panel, calls this “made-up physics.” He believes the old-school models are concerned with the wrong thing—sunspots, rather than the processes that create them. “The magnetic cycle is what you should be trying to model, not the derivative of it,” he says. “You have to explain why sunspots magically appear at 30 degrees latitude.”

McIntosh’s attempt to do that goes back to 2002, when, at the behest of a postdoctoral mentor, he began plotting tiny ultraviolet concentrations on the solar surface, known as brightpoints. “I think my boss knew what I would find if I let a full cycle pass,” he recalls. “By 2011, I was like, holy ****.” He found that brightpoints originate at higher latitudes than sunspots do but follow the same path to the equator. To him, this implied that sunspots and brightpoints are twin effects of the same underlying phenomenon, one not found in astrophysics textbooks.

His grand unified theory, developed over a decade, goes something like this: Every 11 years, when the sun’s polarity flips, a magnetic band forms near each pole, wrapped around the circumference of the star. These bands exist for a couple of decades, slowly migrating toward the equator, where they meet in mutual destruction. At any given time, there are usually two oppositely charged bands in each hemisphere. They counteract each other, which promotes relative calm at the surface. But magnetic bands don’t all live to be the same age. Some reach what McIntosh calls “the terminator” with unusual speed. When this happens, the younger bands are left alone for a few years, without the moderating influence of the older bands, and they have a chance to raise hell.

McIntosh and his colleague Mausumi Dikpati believe that terminator timing is the key to forecasting sunspots—and, by extension, coronal mass ejections. The faster one set of bands dies out, the more dramatic the next cycle will be.

The most recent terminator, their data suggests, happened on December 13, 2021. In the days that followed, magnetic activity near the sun’s equator dissipated (signaling the death of one set of bands) while the number of sunspots at midlatitude rapidly doubled (signaling the solo reign of the remaining bands). Because this terminator arrived slightly sooner than expected, McIntosh predicts above-average activity for the current solar cycle, peaking at around 190 sunspots.

A clear victor in the modeling wars could emerge later this year. But McIntosh is already thinking ahead to the next thing—tools that can detect where a sunspot will emerge and how likely it is to burst. He yearns for a set of satellites orbiting the sun—a few at the poles and a few around the equator, like the ones used to forecast terrestrial weather. The price tag for such an early-­warning system would be modest, he argues: eight craft at roughly $30 million each. But will anyone fund it? “I think until Cycle 25 goes bananas,” he says, “nobody’s going to give a ****.”

WHEN THE NEXT solar storm approaches Earth and the deep-space satellite provides its warning—maybe an hour in advance, or maybe 15 minutes, if the storm is fast-moving—alarms will sound on crewed spacecraft. Astronauts will proceed to cramped modules lined with hydrogen-rich materials like polyethylene, which will prevent their DNA from being shredded by protons in the plasma. They may float inside for hours or days, depending on how long the storm endures.

The plasma will begin to flood Earth’s ionosphere, and the electron bombardment will cause high-frequency radio to go dark. GPS signals, which are transmitted via radio waves, will fade with it. Cell phone reception zones will shrink; your location bubble on Google Maps will expand. As the atmosphere heats up, it will swell, and satellites will drag, veer off course, and risk collision with each other and space debris. Some will fall out of orbit entirely. Most new satellites are equipped to endure some solar radiation, but in a strong enough storm, even the fanciest circuit board can fry. When navigation and communication systems fail, the commercial airline fleet—about 10,000 planes in the sky at any given time—will attempt a simultaneous grounding. Pilots will eyeball themselves into a flight pattern while air traffic controllers use light signals to guide the planes in. Those living near military installations may see government aircraft scrambling overhead; when radar systems jam, nuclear defense protocols activate.

Through a weird and nonintuitive property of electromagnetism, the electricity coursing through the atmosphere will begin to induce currents at Earth’s surface. As those currents race through the crust, they will seek the path of least resistance. In regions with resistive rock (in the US, especially the Pacific Northwest, Great Lakes, and Eastern Seaboard), the most convenient route is upward, through the electrical grid.

The weakest points in the grid are its intermediaries—machines called transformers, which take low-voltage current from a power plant, convert it to a higher voltage for cheap and efficient transport, and convert it back down again so that it can be piped safely to your wall outlets. The largest transformers, numbering around 2,000 in the United States, are firmly anchored into the ground, using Earth’s crust as a sink for excess voltage. But during a geomagnetic storm, that sink becomes a source. Most transformers are only built to handle alternating current, so storm-induced direct current can cause them to overheat, melt, and even ignite. As one might expect, old transformers are at higher risk of failure. The average American transformer is 40 years old, pushed beyond its intended lifespan.

If just nine transformers were to blow out in the wrong places, the US could experience coast-to-coast outages for months.

Modeling how the grid would fail during another Carrington-class storm is no easy task. The features of individual transformers—age, configuration, location—are typically considered trade secrets. Metatech, an engineering firm frequently contracted by the US government, offers one of the more dire estimates. It finds that a severe storm, on par with events in 1859 or 1921, could destroy 365 high-voltage transformers across the country—about one-fifth of those in operation. States along the East Coast could see transformer failure rates ranging from 24 percent (Maine) to 97 percent (New Hampshire). Grid failure on this scale would leave at least 130 million people in the dark. But the exact number of fried transformers may matter less than their location. In 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported findings from an unreleased Federal Energy Regulatory Commission report on grid security: If just nine transformers were to blow out in the wrong places, it found, the country could experience coast-to-coast outages for months.

Prolonged national grid failure is new territory for humankind. Documents from an assortment of government agencies and private organizations paint a dismal picture of what that would look like in the United States. Homes and offices will lose heating and cooling; water pressure in showers and faucets will drop. Subway trains will stop mid-voyage; city traffic will creep along unassisted by stoplights. Oil production will grind to a halt, and so will shipping and transportation. The blessing of modern logistics, which allows grocery stores to stock only a few days’ worth of goods, will become a curse. Pantries will thin out within a few days. The biggest killer, though, will be water. Fifteen percent of treatment facilities in the country serve 75 percent of the population—and they rely on energy-intensive pumping systems. These pumps not only distribute clean water but also remove the disease- and chemical-tainted sludge constantly oozing into sewage facilities. Without power, these waste systems could overflow, contaminating remaining surface water.

As the outage goes on, health care facilities will grow overwhelmed. Sterile supplies will run low, and caseloads will soar. When backup batteries and generators fail or run out of power, perishable medications like insulin will spoil. Heavy medical hardware—dialysis machines, imaging devices, ventilators—will cease to function, and hospital wards will resemble field clinics. With death tolls mounting and morgues losing refrigeration, municipalities will face grave decisions about how to safely handle bodies.

This is roughly the point in the worst-case scenario when the meltdowns at nuclear power plants begin. These facilities require many megawatts of electricity to cool their reactor cores and spent fuel rods. Today, most American plants run their backup systems on diesel. Koroush Shirvan, a nuclear safety expert at MIT, warns that many reactors could run into trouble if outages last longer than a few weeks.

IF YOU THUMB through enough government reports on geomagnetic storms, you’ll find that one name comes up almost every time: John G. Kappenman. He has published 50 scientific papers, spoken before Congress and NATO, and advised half a dozen federal agencies and commissions. The soft-spoken utility veteran is the man behind the cataclysmic Meta­tech projections, and he is either a visionary or an alarmist, depending on whom you ask. Kappenman spent the first two decades of his career climbing the ladder at Minnesota Power, learning the ins and outs of the utility industry. In 1998, he joined Metatech, where he advised governments and energy companies on space weather and grid resilience.

“They’ve only done things that greatly magnify their vulnerability to these storms.”

His end-of-days predictions first gained national traction in 2010, setting off such alarm that the Department of Homeland Security enlisted JASON, an elite scientific advisory group, to pull together a counter-study. “We are not convinced that Kappenman’s worst-case scenario is possible,” the authors concluded in their 2011 report. Notably, however, JASON did not challenge Kappenman’s work on its merits, nor did the group offer a competing model. Rather, its objections were rooted in the fact that Metatech’s models are proprietary, and utility industry secrecy makes it hard to run national grid simulations. Still, the authors echoed Kappenman’s essential conclusion: The US grid is dramatically underprepared for a major storm, and operators should take immediate action to harden their transformers.

The good news is that a technical fix already exists. Mitigating this threat could be as simple as outfitting vulnerable transformers with capacitors, relatively inexpensive devices that block the flow of direct current. During the 1989 storm in Quebec, the grid fell offline and stopped conducting electricity before the current could inflict widespread damage. One close call was enough, though. In the years after, Canada spent more than $1 billion on reliability upgrades, including capacitors for its most vulnerable transformers. “To cover the entirety of the US, you’re probably in the ballpark of a few billion dollars,” Kappenman says. “If you spread that cost out, it would equal a postage stamp per year per customer.” A 2020 study by the Foundation for Resilient Societies arrived at a similar figure for comprehensive grid hardening: about $500 million a year for 10 years.

To date, however, American utility companies haven’t widely deployed current-blocking devices to the live grid. “They’ve only done things, like moving to higher and higher operating voltages”—for cheaper transmission—“that greatly magnify their vulnerability to these storms,” Kappenman tells me.

Tom Berger, former director of the US government’s Space Weather Prediction Center, also expressed doubts about grid operators. “When I talk to them, they tell me they understand space weather, and they’re ready,” he says. But Berger’s confidence waned after the February 2021 collapse of the Texas power grid, which killed hundreds of people, left millions of homes and businesses without heat, and caused about $200 billion in damage. That crisis was brought on by nothing more exotic than a big cold snap. “We heard the same thing,” Berger says. “‘We understand winter; it’s no problem.’”

I reached out to 12 of the country’s largest utility companies, requesting information on specific steps taken to mitigate damage from a major geomagnetic event. American Electric Power, the country’s largest transmission network, was the only company to share concrete measures, which it says include regularly upgrading hardware, redirecting current during a storm, and quickly replacing equipment after an event. Two other companies, Consolidated Edison and Exelon, claim to have outfitted their systems with geomagnetic monitoring sensors and be instructing their operators in unspecified “procedures.” Florida Power & Light declined to meaningfully comment, citing security risks. The other eight did not respond to multiple requests for comment.

At this point, curious minds may wonder whether utility companies are even required to plan for geomagnetic storms. The answer is complicated, in a uniquely American way. In 2005, when George W. Bush, a former oil executive, occupied the Oval Office, Congress passed the Energy Policy Act, which included a grab bag of giveaways to the oil and gas industry. It rescinded much of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s authority to regulate the utility industry. Reliability standards are now developed and enforced by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation—a trade association that represents the interests of those same companies.

Some find the NERC reliability standards laughable. (Two interviewees audibly laughed when asked about them.) Kappenman objected to the first set of standards, proposed in 2015, on the grounds that they were too lenient—they didn’t require utilities to prepare for a storm on par with 1859 or 1921. Berger took issue too, but for a different reason: The standards made no mention of storm duration. The ground-based effects of the Carrington Event lasted four or five consecutive days; a transformer built to withstand 10 seconds of current is very different from one ready for 120 hours.

Under pressure from the federal government, NERC enacted stricter standards in 2019. In a lengthy written statement, Rachel Sherrard, a spokeswoman for the group, emphasized that American utilities are now expected to deal with an event twice as strong as the 1989 Quebec storm. (Comparison with an old storm like Carrington, she noted, “is challenging because high-fidelity historical measurement data is not available.”) Though the new standards require utilities to fix vulnerabilities in their systems, the companies themselves determine the right approach—and the timeline.

If the utilities remain unmotivated, humanity’s ability to withstand a major geomagnetic storm will depend largely on our ability to replace damaged transformers. A 2020 investigation by the US Department of Commerce found that the nation imported more than 80 percent of its large transformers and their components. Under normal supply and demand conditions, lead times for these structures can reach two years. “People outside the industry don’t understand how difficult these things are to manufacture,” Kappenman says. Insiders know not to buy a transformer unless the factory that made it is at least 10 years old. “It takes that long to work out the kinks,” he says. In a time of solar crisis, foreign governments—even geopolitical allies—may throttle exports of vital electrical equipment, Kappenman notes. Some spare-part programs have cropped up over the past decade that allow participants to pool resources in various disaster scenarios. The size and location of these spares, however, are unknown to federal authorities—because the industry won’t tell them.

One day regulators may manage to map the electrical grid, even stormproof it (provided a big one doesn’t wipe it out first). Engineers may launch a satellite array that gives us days to batten down the hatches. Governments may figure out a way to stand up emergency transformers in a pinch. And there the sun will be—the inconceivable, inextinguishable furnace at the center of our solar system that destroys as indiscriminately as it creates. Life on this little mote depends entirely on the mercy of a cosmic nuclear power with an itchy trigger finger. No human triumph will ever change that. (But we should still buy the capacitors. Soon, please.)"

[onawah]

Magnetic Field Affects The Brain, Mars Quakes, Space Weather
18,453 views Jun 23, 2022
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TODAY'S LINKS:
Sun Can Kill Billions and End the Modern World: https://youtu.be/BqO2w_wt9t0
Mars Insight gets more Time: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-i...
Losing Magnetism, Brain Effect: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.08192.pdf
EasyJet Going Digit: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Tele...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=oKO1S5Vzgo8

[onawah]

Solar Superstorm Cycle & The Next Uptick
7,645 views Jun 24, 2022
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TODAY'S LINKS:
Coming Changes to Channel Video: https://youtu.be/mreCJudDfcQ
Superstorms of Cycle 23: https://link.springer.com/article/10....
BepiColumbo: https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Im...

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=1TihRi_FFIs