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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Never Before Seen: Blood Doctor Reveals HORRIFIC Findings After Examining Vials 21:24

    Stew Peters Show
    Published October 4, 2021

    Rumble — EXCLUSIVE! Dr. Zandre Botha was shocked after studying the blood of "vaccinated" patients that were coming to her with serious illness after being injected with the shots being called "Covid vaccines".

    After being presented with vials of the substance, she examined the contents and was horrified.

    Dr. Botha came forward, today, on "The Stew Peters Show".


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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Dr Carrie Madej mentioned this page from the College of Biological Science who are doing vast in depth research (funded by DARPA) into the strange little alien creature that is the Hydra Vulgaris (ive said since childhood that jellyfish are not of this earth and here we have the world being injected with its tiny cousin)

    https://biology.ucdavis.edu/news-eve...rganisms/hydra

    They state on the site that they think its "wonderful to use this in the involvement of humanity" (shame they didn't ask for humanities consent first)
    They also give you the option to download this 'playing card' for the Hydra...



    As Carrie spotted, on the bottom of the playing card it says 'Hail Hydra'.
    Marvel fans will recognize that this is a hashtag for one of their movies. The storyline of the script is that an evil Nazi group was able get an organism to be injected into a person that would enable them to take over its brain and connect it to an AI programme...

    "Hail Hydra! Immortal Hydra! We shall never be destroyed. Cut off a limb and two more shall take its place. We serve none but the Master- as the world will soon serve us!"

    If you fancy going all in, you could maybe purchase this movie merchandise board game too;



    The front of the game box reads; "HAIL TO THE NEW WORLD ORDER. DECEPTION, DEDUCTION, DESTRUCTION"

    Yeah, that's not creepy at all huh!
    Last edited by Sérénité; 5th October 2021 at 12:32. Reason: cant spelllll

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  5. Link to Post #43
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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Quote Posted by Sérénité (here)
    Dr Carrie Madej mentioned this page from the College of Biological Science who are doing vast in depth research (funded by DARPA) into the strange little alien creature that is the Hydra Vulgaris (ive said since childhood that jellyfish are not of this earth and here we have the world being injected with its tiny cousin)

    https://biology.ucdavis.edu/news-eve...rganisms/hydra

    They state on the site that they think its "wonderful to use this in the involvement of humanity" (shame they didn't ask for humanities consent first)
    They also give you the option to download this 'playing card' for the Hydra...



    As Carrie spotted, on the bottom of the playing card it says 'Hail Hydra'.
    Marvel fans will recognize that this is a hashtag for one of their movies. The storyline of the script is that an evil Nazi group was able get an organism to be injected into a person that would enable them to take over its brain and connect it to an AI programme...

    "Hail Hydra! Immortal Hydra! We shall never be destroyed. Cut off a limb and two more shall take its place. We serve none but the Master- as the world will soon serve us!"

    If you fancy going all in, you could maybe purchase this movie merchandise board game too;



    The front of the game box reads; "HAIL TO THE NEW WORLD ORDER. DECEPTION, DEDUCTION, DESTRUCTION"

    Yeah, that's not creepy at all huh!

    EEEEh gads, the puzzle pieces are starting to fit together and I am not at all fond of what it is turning out to be........please let us all be wrong on this.

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Read the 5th paragraph in this article on the Hydra Vulgaris from;

    https://biology.ucdavis.edu/news/1-m...ch-build-brain

    We found that the Hydra’s nervous system is very simple,” said Juliano. “And knowing the genes that are expressed, and where the neurons are, gives us what are essentially molecular handles we can use to drive the expression of exogenous genes, even to manipulate the nervous system.”

    The value, in this case, is the potential to break existing connections and create new ones, which could be used to engineer new behaviors. “To successfully engineer new neural connections, we first have to know how the animal itself works,” explained Juliano. “That’s what initially excited a biologist like me.” Now, with a sophisticated understanding of this simple organism, Juliano and Robinson are ready to build on existing understandings of neurobiology.”

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Quote Posted by Sérénité (here)
    Read the 5th paragraph in this article on the Hydra Vulgaris from;

    https://biology.ucdavis.edu/news/1-m...ch-build-brain

    We found that the Hydra’s nervous system is very simple,” said Juliano. “And knowing the genes that are expressed, and where the neurons are, gives us what are essentially molecular handles we can use to drive the expression of exogenous genes, even to manipulate the nervous system.”

    The value, in this case, is the potential to break existing connections and create new ones, which could be used to engineer new behaviors. “To successfully engineer new neural connections, we first have to know how the animal itself works,” explained Juliano. “That’s what initially excited a biologist like me.” Now, with a sophisticated understanding of this simple organism, Juliano and Robinson are ready to build on existing understandings of neurobiology.”
    There is an uncanny kind of resemblance to some of the very unusual looking organisms that are claimed to have been seen in the vials:

    Hydra Vulgaris

    “If a man does not keep pace with [fall into line with] his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away.” - Thoreau

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  11. Link to Post #46
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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Quote Posted by Sérénité (here)
    Read the 5th paragraph in this article on the Hydra Vulgaris from;

    https://biology.ucdavis.edu/news/1-m...ch-build-brain

    We found that the Hydra’s nervous system is very simple,” said Juliano. “And knowing the genes that are expressed, and where the neurons are, gives us what are essentially molecular handles we can use to drive the expression of exogenous genes, even to manipulate the nervous system.”

    The value, in this case, is the potential to break existing connections and create new ones, which could be used to engineer new behaviors. “To successfully engineer new neural connections, we first have to know how the animal itself works,” explained Juliano. “That’s what initially excited a biologist like me.” Now, with a sophisticated understanding of this simple organism, Juliano and Robinson are ready to build on existing understandings of neurobiology.”
    Excellent find, Serenite. So we definitely see a potential purpose with Hydra Vulgaris, it's regenerative and has neurological potential. We also see what appears to be the synthetic portion of this which at first glance seems like a separate element. We have witnesses that have seen what appears to be self assembly. I wonder if they are two separate systems or do they work together? If they are trying to create a neural link to their frequencies is it as simple as providing toxic particles that will attract the frequency or is it more advanced, a sort of over riding system.

    I definitely don't think that little bugger was chosen by random just to add to the toxic soup. It has a purpose.

    I am so glad you have the mettle for this type of research Serenite, it is really ugly hard stuff to look at, I know you have a daughter and I have a son and that makes it personal.

    I admit to taking a couple days off of researching this as it is so disturbing. Had to get outside and work. But you know that old saying,, curiosity killed the cat....maybe in this case curiosity keeps the cat alive.

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    This is a video that is very interesting about our little critter Hydra Vulgaris. I found it on Brand New Tube and don't know how to embed it.



    Dr. Franc Zalewski shares his (apparent) discovery of an unknown Aluminum-Carbon based 'life form'
    within Pfizer vaccine vial. This creature, which he dubs 'The Thing', consists of a 20 microns sized
    head with three 25mm 'legs' and claims is being hatched out of eggs found in 1 of 3 vials he examined.
    The video was originally uploaded to Youtube on his channel here: youtube.com/c/DrFranc


    He calls it "the thing". I think I like that terminology.

    https://brandnewtube.com/v/p6qP52


    Thought I would add a reddit post I found regarding this video.

    Quote Dr. Franc Zalewski claims to have found an aluminum/carbon based life-form in the COVID vaccines. He also presents several questions as to why they are only found in some vaccines. Some vaccines, he says, they could only find a saline solution.

    This poses a theory that a wide-spread legitimate parasite-infected vaccine would cause too many detrimental side effects all at once – thus would be quite alarming to the public, and so tptsb interspersed their investigational/experimental parasite-laced vaccine with saline solutions in order to spare some from the detrimental implications of these side effects and deaths, but only to reintroduce it later with 2nd shots and ongoing booster shots.

    This, of course, is just a hypothesis; but seeing all of the manipulation and gaslighting and enforcing of the vaccine mandates, when it is NOT NEEDED, the alternative reasons “for health” are getting fewer and fewer to justify. Also keep in mind the radical attempts from the NIH, CDC, etc. to ban Ivermectin in treating COVID and vaccinated people, a well-known and approved drug that has been on the market for YEARS, that just so happens to work against parasites…

    But another hypothesis that Franc Zalewski raises is that these parasitic creatures may not show up until suitable living conditions are met. Namely, mixed into a host, along with graphene.

    He doesn’t mince words. He doesn’t sugarcoat his findings. He is raising the alarm that everyone who has taken these vaccines have the possibility of these beings growing inside of you.
    Last edited by Tintin; 11th October 2021 at 14:39. Reason: Added video

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Quote Posted by Pam (here)
    This is a video that is very interesting about our little critter Hydra Vulgaris. I found it on Brand New Tube and don't know how to embed it.



    ...............................................

    He is raising the alarm that everyone who has taken these vaccines have the possibility of these beings growing inside of you.
    I know others have talked about the anti-parasitic effects of HCQ and IVM. I am personally creeped to the maximum by the thought of injecting anything anymore EVER. If a substance enters via the usual nasopharynx, oral, transdermal routes, we have a much better chance with our natural protective responses.

    I also am now thinking more and more about those who have always been opposed to transfusions etc.

    I am totally nauseated by the idea that alien life forms are lurking.

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    If they can call it a vaccine, they have no liability.

    Source: https://www.brighteon.com/embed/eca60098-00fe-4c1d-8e1a-7c5894cf8b45

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Another lab analysis... there are definitely similar results across various microscopic views....


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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    I just keep thinking back to this;
    https://mypatriotsnetwork.com/patrio...d-dna-control/
    [Professor Charles Morgan gives a lecture at West Point to US soldiers in the Visual Information Division on the latest technology in the field of Bio-Warfare, DNA reprogramming and human cell exploitation.]


    He says all they need is to inject ‘someone with something’ and all it would take for them to be remotely controlled is to have a record of their DNA to programme the connection.

    This was from 2008 and he admits it had already been used on 500 soldiers with an 85% accuracy rate.
    Fast forward 13 years, bring in the introduction of both Graphene as the conductor and Hydra as the neural reconnector (interestingly both funded by some very nefarious agencies) and we can only use our wildest imaginations in horror as to what their capabilities are now.

    I’ve a feeling the full effects may not be seen until the next generation is born.
    Could we be looking at something more ‘grey’ like?
    Last edited by Sérénité; 11th October 2021 at 22:33.

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  23. Link to Post #52
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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Ok, I hit some pay dirt on our little friend the Hydra.

    https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R21-GM059777-01


    Generation of Transgenic Hydra
    Bode, Hans R.
    University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

    Search 39 grants from Hans Bode


    Abstract
    Funding
    Institution
    Related projects
    Comments


    Abstract

    To gain an understanding of the function of specific genes, simple model systems often have the advantage that the gene has fewer functions and the gene family of which it is a member has fewer members, thereby minimizing redundancy. One approach is to use a system in which the developing tissues and regions can be manipulated in a variety of ways resulting in alterations of the expression and activity of an introduced transgene leading to a clearer and/or more detailed understanding of the role of the gene. Hydra, a cnidarian, is particularly useful for this approach to studying gene function. The animal has a simple body plan with few cell types. The processes governing pattern formation, cell fate decisions, and tissue growth are well understood at a tissue and cell level, These processes are constantly active in the adult hydra due to the tissue dynamics of the adult. The adult animal is amenable to a variety of manipulations which are useful for exploring the role of a particular gene. Many genes which regulate these developmental processes in more complex organisms have been isolated from hydra. For most of these genes the expression patterns are simple. For a number of these genes, their normal patterns coupled with alterations in expression due to tissue manipulations indicate they have functions analogous to their homologues in vertebrates. The focus of this proposal will be the generation of transgenic hydra. Two approaches will be tried towards stably introducing transgenes into the hydra genome. One makes use of two different retroviruses, each with a vsv-g coat protein that permits infection of a wide variety of organisms from amoeba to mammals. Initial experiments indicate that when hydra embryos at the blastula stage are injected, a small fraction of the resulting hatchlings contain the viral genome suggesting stable integration. The second approach will involve use of a transposable elements with a broad host range specificity [amoeba to insects]. Should either or both of these approaches work, efforts will be focused on optimizing the procedure for introducing the transgenes.
    Funding Agency

    Agency
    National Institute of Health (NIH)
    Institute
    National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
    Type
    Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
    Project #
    1R21GM059777-01
    Application #
    2885132
    Study Section
    Human Embryology and Development Subcommittee 1 (HED)

    Project Start
    1999-07-01
    Project End
    2001-06-30
    Budget Start
    1999-07-01
    Budget End
    2000-06-30
    Support Year
    1
    Fiscal Year
    1999
    Total Cost
    Indirect Cost

    Institution

    Name
    University of California Irvine
    Department
    Anatomy/Cell Biology
    Type
    Organized Research Units
    DUNS #
    161202122

    City
    Irvine
    State
    CA
    Country
    United States
    Zip Code
    92697

    Related projects

    NIH 2000
    R21 GM Generation of Transgenic Hydra
    Bode, Hans R. / University of California Irvine $105,008
    NIH 1999
    R21 GM Generation of Transgenic Hydra
    Bode, Hans R. / University of California Irvine


    Looks like they have seen potential for the Hydra for a long time now..maybe the role of the hydra is to alter genes rather than simply to help create a neural pathway????
    Last edited by Pam; 12th October 2021 at 11:54.

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Hans Bode is the researcher. I am in the process of researching the guy. I guess I was wrong in my previous post, it does have neurological implications as well as genetic.

    https://devcell.bio.uci.edu/dr-hans-...logy-from-2009

    Plasticity in the nervous system of adult Hydra. II. Conversion of ganglion cells of the body column into epidermal sensory cells of the hypostome
    Article


    Oct 1988

    Osamu Koizumi Shelly Heimfeld

    Hans R. Bode

    Due to the tissue dynamics of hydra, every neuron is constantly changing its location within the animal. At the same time specific subsets of neurons defined by morphological or immunological criteria maintain their particular spatial distributions, suggesting that neurons switch their phenotype as they change their location. A position-dependent s...


    Maintenance of nerve net in adult hydra: New differentiation sites of neurons
    Article


    Dec 1991

    Osamu Koizumi

    Hans R. Bode






    Dr. Hans Bode and colleagues paper recognized as one of Top-5 most cited articles in Dev.Biology from 2009-2011

    Dr. Bode, Professor in Developmental and Cell Biology, and his colleagues reported in the 2009 paper that early development of Hydra, a simple fresh-water invertebrate, involves an organizer and activation of a Wnt signaling cascade. This demonstrated for the first time that signaling molecules involved in early patterning during vertebrate embryogenesis are also important in patterning of a simple invertebrate. Sorry this post is a hot mess, but you get the idea.

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Dr. Erik Enby Presents His Pfizer Vaccine Microscopy Analysis In A Fascinating Interview

    The man has over 50 years experience looking at blood under a microscope. I am so grateful for these folks coming forward.


    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/wFo7nW85Wy4e


    Dr. Enby says something very interesting in this interview (I don't know what country he lives in) He talks about others wanting to do research but they don't have access to a vaccine. He says the vaccines AND the needles are tightly controlled. I found the needle part interesting. It may be nothing or it may be significant. Something to keep in mind.

    Dr. Enby has a different perspective on what he see's that is very interesting. He addresses a germination process of the particles that will only occur if it has the right conditions.
    Last edited by Bill Ryan; 12th October 2021 at 14:39. Reason: embedded the video

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    So FRIKKIN EVIL they dont want people to know because if people knew they would never take that poison.

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Amazing Pam, thanks for posting. sounds like Denmark to me.
    and Ivermectin would be my first weapon looking at that pond life...
    Last edited by meat suit; 12th October 2021 at 20:53.

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    Avalon Member Eva2's Avatar
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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Oops again, I should have looked more carefully before posting as it looks like Pam has already posted this video, so sorry and delete
    This is becoming a horror show.
    'Meet “The Thing” Found in The Vaccine – “A Life Form with Head and Tentacles” – Dr Franc Zalewski

    If you thought what Dr Carrie Madej found was bad enough – have a look at this!
    10th October 2021

    Dr. Franc Zalewski reveals a shocking discovery after examining the contents of a Covid-19 “vaccine” vials in what he describes as a “life form” with a head and three tentacles.

    Apparently the original video for this was posted by Dr Zalewski on his YT channel and was subsequently removed by YT after 3 days having reached 130k views. I checked YT and it has indeed been deleted with a YT “violation notice”.

    Please remember that YT tried to suppress this vital information, which in my view is a crime against humanity. We need to ask ourselves the question: why are they trying to keep this hidden?'

    https://bluecat.media/meet-the-thing...bGa_YVx6xYVeh4
    Last edited by Eva2; 14th October 2021 at 03:08.

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    Avalon Member Pam's Avatar
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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Dr. True: Hydra Linnaeus Found in the Covid Jab, what it is and what it's designed to do

    Hydra Linnaeus is the synthetic version of Hydra Vulgaris according to Dr. True. That answers lot's of questions. For those of you that are following injection ingredients, this is very important. This is better than any sci fi story. Unfortunately, it is beginning to confirm my theories. Theoretically anyway.




    https://brandnewtube.com/watch/dr-tr...bwrdiGWWg.html

    I was so excited about this video I have posted it before I listened to all of it..





    Once again, couldn't figure out if I could embed Brand New Tube video
    Last edited by Harmony; 14th October 2021 at 12:08. Reason: embedding video

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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Quote Posted by Pam (here)
    Dr. True: Hydra Linnaeus Found in the Covid Jab, what it is and what it's designed to do

    Hydra Linnaeus is the synthetic version of Hydra Vulgaris according to Dr. True Ott.( I have followed him for his nutritional and mineral advice in the past, he has been around for a long time.) That answers lot's of questions. For those of you that are following injection ingredients, this is very important. This is better than any sci fi story. Unfortunately, it is beginning to confirm my theories. Theoretically anyway.

    There is definitely biblical prophecy in the talk.




    https://brandnewtube.com/watch/dr-tr...bwrdiGWWg.html

    I was so excited about this video I have posted it before I listened to all of it..



    Once again, couldn't figure out if I could embed Brand New Tube video

    Here is a crazy thought that just occurred to me....Can people shed portions of the hydra?

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  39. Link to Post #60
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    Default Re: Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredients

    Hydra Linnaeus, 1758


    Genomics
    An ortholog comparison analysis done within the last decade demonstrated that Hydra share a minimum of 6,071 genes with humans. Hydra is becoming an increasingly better model system as more genetic approaches become available. A draft of the genome of Hydra magnipapillata was reported in 2010. The genomes of cnidarians are usually less than 500 Mb in size, as in the Hydra viridissima, which has a genome size of approximately 300 Mb. In contrast, the genomes of brown hydras are approximately 1 Gb in size. This is because the brown hydra genome is the result of an expansion event involving LINEs, a type of transposable elements, in particular, a single family of the CR1 class. This expansion is unique to this subgroup of the genus Hydra and is absent in the green hydra, which has a repeating landscape similar to other cnidarians. These genome characteristics make Hydra attractive for studies of transposon-driven speciations and genome expansions.
    Non-senescence

    Daniel Martinez claimed in a 1998 article in Experimental Gerontology that Hydra are biologically immortal. This publication has been widely cited as evidence that Hydra do not senesce (do not age), and that they are proof of the existence of non-senescing organisms generally. In 2010, Preston Estep published (also in Experimental Gerontology) a letter to the editor arguing that the Martinez data refute the hypothesis that Hydra do not senesce. The controversial unlimited life span of Hydra has attracted much attention from scientists. Research today appears to confirm Martinez' study. Hydra stem cells have a capacity for indefinite self-renewal. The transcription factor "forkhead box O" (FoxO) has been identified as a critical driver of the continuous self-renewal of Hydra. In experiments, a drastically reduced population growth resulted from FoxO down-regulation. In bilaterally symmetrical organisms (Bilateria), the transcription factor FoxO affects stress response, lifespan, and increase in stem cells. If this transcription factor is knocked down in bilaterian model organisms, such as fruit flies and nematodes, their lifespan is significantly decreased. In experiments on H. vulgaris (a radially symmetrical member of phylum Cnidaria), when FoxO levels were decreased, there was a negative effect on many key features of the Hydra, but no death was observed, thus it is believed other factors may contribute to the apparent lack of aging in these creatures. While Hydra immortality is well-supported today, the implications for human aging are still controversial. There is much optimism; however, it appears that researchers still have a long way to go before they are able to understand how the results of their work might apply to the reduction or elimination of human senescence.
    Abstract
    Hydra ( ) is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa. They are native to the temperate and tropical regions. Biologists are especially interested in Hydra because of their regenerative ability – they do not appear to die of old age, or to age at all.
    Motion and locomotion
    Hydra attached to a substrate

    If Hydra are alarmed or attacked, the tentacles can be retracted to small buds, and the body column itself can be retracted to a small gelatinous sphere.
    Hydra generally react in the same way regardless of the direction of the stimulus, and this may be due to the simplicity of the nerve nets. Hydra are generally sedentary or sessile, but do occasionally move quite readily, especially when hunting. They have two distinct methods for moving – 'looping' and 'somersaulting'. They do this by bending over and attaching themselves to the substrate with the mouth and tentacles and then relocate the foot, which provides the usual attachment, this process is called looping. In somersaulting, the body then bends over and makes a new place of attachment with the foot. By this process of "looping" or "somersaulting", a Hydra can move several inches (c. 100 mm) in a day. Hydra may also move by amoeboid motion of their bases or by detaching from the substrate and floating away in the current.
    Reproduction and life cycle
    Hydra budding:

    When food is plentiful, many Hydra reproduce asexually by budding. The buds form from the body wall, grow into miniature adults and break away when mature. When a hydra is well fed, a new bud can form every two days. When conditions are harsh, often before winter or in poor feeding conditions, sexual reproduction occurs in some Hydra. Swellings in the body wall develop into either ovaries or testes. The testes release free-swimming gametes into the water, and these can fertilize the egg in the ovary of another individual. The fertilized eggs secrete a tough outer coating, and, as the adult dies (due to starvation or cold), these resting eggs fall to the bottom of the lake or pond to await better conditions, whereupon they hatch into nymph Hydra. Some Hydra species, like Hydra circumcincta and Hydra viridissima, are hermaphrodites and may produce both testes and ovaries at the same time. Many members of the Hydrozoa go through a body change from a polyp to an adult form called a medusa, which is usually the life stage where sexual reproduction occurs, but Hydra do not progress beyond the polyp phase.
    Feeding
    Hydra mainly feed on aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia and Cyclops. While feeding, Hydra extend their body to maximum length and then slowly extend their tentacles. Despite their simple construction, the tentacles of Hydra are extraordinarily extensible and can be four to five times the length of the body. Once fully extended, the tentacles are slowly manoeuvred around waiting for contact with a suitable prey animal. Upon contact, nematocysts on the tentacle fire into the prey, and the tentacle itself coils around the prey. Within 30 seconds, most of the remaining tentacles will have already joined in the attack to subdue the struggling prey. Within two minutes, the tentacles will have surrounded the prey and moved it into the opened mouth aperture. Within ten minutes, the prey will have been engulfed within the body cavity, and digestion will have started. Hydra are able to stretch their body wall considerably in order to digest prey more than twice their size. After two or three days, the indigestible remains of the prey will be discharged through the mouth aperture via contractions. The feeding behaviour of Hydra demonstrates the sophistication of what appears to be a simple nervous system. Some species of Hydra exist in a mutual relationship with various types of unicellular algae. The algae are protected from predators by Hydra and, in return, photosynthetic products from the algae are beneficial as a food source to Hydra.

    Measuring the feeding response

    Addition of glutathione causes reduction in the tentacle spread in hydra.


    The feeding response in Hydra is induced by glutathione (specifically in the reduced state as GSH) released from damaged tissue of injured prey. There are several methods conventionally used for quantification of the feeding response. In some, the duration for which the mouth remains open is measured. Other methods rely on counting the number of Hydra among a small population showing the feeding response after addition of glutathione. Recently, an assay for measuring the feeding response in hydra has been developed. In this method, the linear two-dimensional distance between the tip of the tentacle and the mouth of hydra was shown to be a direct measure of the extent of the feeding response. This method has been validated using a starvation model, as starvation is known to cause enhancement of the Hydra feeding response.
    Tissue regeneration
    Hydra undergoes morphallaxis (tissue regeneration) when injured or severed. Typically, Hydras will reproduce by just budding off a whole new individual; the bud will occur around two-thirds of the way down the body axis. When a Hydra is cut in half, each half will regenerate and form into a small Hydra; the "head" will regenerate a "foot" and the "foot" will regenerate a "head". This regeneration occurs without cell division. If the Hydra is sliced into many segments, the middle slices will form both a "head" and a "foot". The polarity of the regeneration is explained by two pairs of positional value gradients. There is both a head and foot activation and inhibition gradient. The head activation and inhibition works in an opposite direction of the pair of foot gradients. The evidence for these gradients was shown in the early 1900s with grafting experiments. The inhibitors for both gradients have shown to be important to block the bud formation. The location that the bud will form is where the gradients are low for both the head and foot. Hydras are capable of regenerating from pieces of tissue from the body and additionally after tissue dissociation from reaggregates.
    Morphology
    Schematic drawing of a discharging nematocyst

    Hydra has a tubular, radially symmetric body up to 10 mm long when extended, secured by a simple adhesive foot known as the basal disc. Gland cells in the basal disc secrete a sticky fluid that accounts for its adhesive properties. At the free end of the body is a mouth opening surrounded by one to twelve thin, mobile tentacles. Each tentacle, or cnida (plural: cnidae), is clothed with highly specialised stinging cells called cnidocytes. Cnidocytes contain specialized structures called nematocysts, which look like miniature light bulbs with a coiled thread inside. At the narrow outer edge of the cnidocyte is a short trigger hair called a cnidocil. Upon contact with prey, the contents of the nematocyst are explosively discharged, firing a dart-like thread containing neurotoxins into whatever triggered the release. This can paralyze the prey, especially if many hundreds of nematocysts are fired. Hydra has two main body layers, which makes it "diploblastic". The layers are separated by mesoglea, a gel-like substance. The outer layer is the epidermis, and the inner layer is called the gastrodermis, because it lines the stomach. The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple. Hydramacin is a bactericide recently discovered in Hydra; it protects the outer layer against infection. A single Hydra is composed of 50,000 to 100,000 cells which consist of three specific stem cell populations that will create many different cell types. These stem cells will continually renew themselves in the body column. Hydras have two significant structures on their body: the "head" and the "foot". When a Hydra is cut in half, each half will regenerate and form into a small Hydra; the "head" will regenerate a "foot" and the "foot" will regenerate a "head". If the Hydra is sliced into many segments then the middle slices will form both a "head" and a "foot". Respiration and excretion occur by diffusion throughout the surface of the epidermis, while larger excreta are discharged through the mouth.
    Nervous system
    The nervous system of Hydra is a nerve net, which is structurally simple compared to more derived animal nervous systems. Hydra does not have a recognizable brain or true muscles. Nerve nets connect sensory photoreceptors and touch-sensitive nerve cells located in the body wall and tentacles. The structure of the nerve net has two levels:

    level 1 – sensory cells or internal cells; and, level 2 – interconnected ganglion cells synapsed to epithelial or motor cells.

    Some have only two sheets of neurons.


    Genomics
    An ortholog comparison analysis done within the last decade demonstrated that Hydra share a minimum of 6,071 genes with humans. Hydra is becoming an increasingly better model system as more genetic approaches become available. A draft of the genome of Hydra magnipapillata was reported in 2010. The genomes of cnidarians are usually less than 500 Mb in size, as in the Hydra viridissima, which has a genome size of approximately 300 Mb. In contrast, the genomes of brown hydras are approximately 1 Gb in size. This is because the brown hydra genome is the result of an expansion event involving LINEs, a type of transposable elements, in particular, a single family of the CR1 class. This expansion is unique to this subgroup of the genus Hydra and is absent in the green hydra, which has a repeating landscape similar to other cnidarians. These genome characteristics make Hydra attractive for studies of transposon-driven speciations and genome expansions.
    Non-senescence
    Daniel Martinez claimed in a 1998 article in Experimental Gerontology that Hydra are biologically immortal. This publication has been widely cited as evidence that Hydra do not senesce (do not age), and that they are proof of the existence of non-senescing organisms generally. In 2010, Preston Estep published (also in Experimental Gerontology) a letter to the editor arguing that the Martinez data refute the hypothesis that Hydra do not senesce. The controversial unlimited life span of Hydra has attracted much attention from scientists. Research today appears to confirm Martinez' study. Hydra stem cells have a capacity for indefinite self-renewal. The transcription factor "forkhead box O" (FoxO) has been identified as a critical driver of the continuous self-renewal of Hydra. In experiments, a drastically reduced population growth resulted from FoxO down-regulation. In bilaterally symmetrical organisms (Bilateria), the transcription factor FoxO affects stress response, lifespan, and increase in stem cells. If this transcription factor is knocked down in bilaterian model organisms, such as fruit flies and nematodes, their lifespan is significantly decreased. In experiments on H. vulgaris (a radially symmetrical member of phylum Cnidaria), when FoxO levels were decreased, there was a negative effect on many key features of the Hydra, but no death was observed, thus it is believed other factors may contribute to the apparent lack of aging in these creatures. While Hydra immortality is well-supported today, the implications for human aging are still controversial. There is much optimism; however, it appears that researchers still have a long way to go before they are able to understand how the results of their work might apply to the reduction or elimination of human senescence.
    Abstract
    Hydra ( ) is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa. They are native to the temperate and tropical regions. Biologists are especially interested in Hydra because of their regenerative ability – they do not appear to die of old age, or to age at all.
    Motion and locomotion
    Hydra attached to a substrate

    If Hydra are alarmed or attacked, the tentacles can be retracted to small buds, and the body column itself can be retracted to a small gelatinous sphere. Hydra generally react in the same way regardless of the direction of the stimulus, and this may be due to the simplicity of the nerve nets. Hydra are generally sedentary or sessile, but do occasionally move quite readily, especially when hunting. They have two distinct methods for moving – 'looping' and 'somersaulting'. They do this by bending over and attaching themselves to the substrate with the mouth and tentacles and then relocate the foot, which provides the usual attachment, this process is called looping. In somersaulting, the body then bends over and makes a new place of attachment with the foot. By this process of "looping" or "somersaulting", a Hydra can move several inches (c. 100 mm) in a day. Hydra may also move by amoeboid motion of their bases or by detaching from the substrate and floating away in the current.
    Reproduction and life cycle
    Hydra budding:

    When food is plentiful, many Hydra reproduce asexually by budding. The buds form from the body wall, grow into miniature adults and break away when mature. When a hydra is well fed, a new bud can form every two days. When conditions are harsh, often before winter or in poor feeding conditions, sexual reproduction occurs in some Hydra. Swellings in the body wall develop into either ovaries or testes. The testes release free-swimming gametes into the water, and these can fertilize the egg in the ovary of another individual. The fertilized eggs secrete a tough outer coating, and, as the adult dies (due to starvation or cold), these resting eggs fall to the bottom of the lake or pond to await better conditions, whereupon they hatch into nymph Hydra. Some Hydra species, like Hydra circumcincta and Hydra viridissima, are hermaphrodites and may produce both testes and ovaries at the same time. Many members of the Hydrozoa go through a body change from a polyp to an adult form called a medusa, which is usually the life stage where sexual reproduction occurs, but Hydra do not progress beyond the polyp phase.
    Feeding
    Hydra mainly feed on aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia and Cyclops. While feeding, Hydra extend their body to maximum length and then slowly extend their tentacles. Despite their simple construction, the tentacles of Hydra are extraordinarily extensible and can be four to five times the length of the body. Once fully extended, the tentacles are slowly manoeuvred around waiting for contact with a suitable prey animal. Upon contact, nematocysts on the tentacle fire into the prey, and the tentacle itself coils around the prey. Within 30 seconds, most of the remaining tentacles will have already joined in the attack to subdue the struggling prey. Within two minutes, the tentacles will have surrounded the prey and moved it into the opened mouth aperture. Within ten minutes, the prey will have been engulfed within the body cavity, and digestion will have started. Hydra are able to stretch their body wall considerably in order to digest prey more than twice their size. After two or three days, the indigestible remains of the prey will be discharged through the mouth aperture via contractions. The feeding behaviour of Hydra demonstrates the sophistication of what appears to be a simple nervous system. Some species of Hydra exist in a mutual relationship with various types of unicellular algae. The algae are protected from predators by Hydra and, in return, photosynthetic products from the algae are beneficial as a food source to Hydra.

    Measuring the feeding response

    Addition of glutathione causes reduction in the tentacle spread in hydra.

    The feeding response in Hydra is induced by glutathione (specifically in the reduced state as GSH) released from damaged tissue of injured prey. There are several methods conventionally used for quantification of the feeding response. In some, the duration for which the mouth remains open is measured. Other methods rely on counting the number of Hydra among a small population showing the feeding response after addition of glutathione. Recently, an assay for measuring the feeding response in hydra has been developed. In this method, the linear two-dimensional distance between the tip of the tentacle and the mouth of hydra was shown to be a direct measure of the extent of the feeding response. This method has been validated using a starvation model, as starvation is known to cause enhancement of the Hydra feeding response.
    Tissue regeneration
    Hydra undergoes morphallaxis (tissue regeneration) when injured or severed. Typically, Hydras will reproduce by just budding off a whole new individual; the bud will occur around two-thirds of the way down the body axis. When a Hydra is cut in half, each half will regenerate and form into a small Hydra; the "head" will regenerate a "foot" and the "foot" will regenerate a "head". This regeneration occurs without cell division. If the Hydra is sliced into many segments, the middle slices will form both a "head" and a "foot". The polarity of the regeneration is explained by two pairs of positional value gradients. There is both a head and foot activation and inhibition gradient. The head activation and inhibition works in an opposite direction of the pair of foot gradients. The evidence for these gradients was shown in the early 1900s with grafting experiments. The inhibitors for both gradients have shown to be important to block the bud formation. The location that the bud will form is where the gradients are low for both the head and foot. Hydras are capable of regenerating from pieces of tissue from the body and additionally after tissue dissociation from reaggregates.
    Morphology
    Schematic drawing of a discharging nematocyst

    Hydra has a tubular, radially symmetric body up to 10 mm long when extended, secured by a simple adhesive foot known as the basal disc. Gland cells in the basal disc secrete a sticky fluid that accounts for its adhesive properties. At the free end of the body is a mouth opening surrounded by one to twelve thin, mobile tentacles. Each tentacle, or cnida (plural: cnidae), is clothed with highly specialised stinging cells called cnidocytes. Cnidocytes contain specialized structures called nematocysts, which look like miniature light bulbs with a coiled thread inside. At the narrow outer edge of the cnidocyte is a short trigger hair called a cnidocil. Upon contact with prey, the contents of the nematocyst are explosively discharged, firing a dart-like thread containing neurotoxins into whatever triggered the release. This can paralyze the prey, especially if many hundreds of nematocysts are fired. Hydra has two main body layers, which makes it "diploblastic". The layers are separated by mesoglea, a gel-like substance. The outer layer is the epidermis, and the inner layer is called the gastrodermis, because it lines the stomach. The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple. Hydramacin is a bactericide recently discovered in Hydra; it protects the outer layer against infection. A single Hydra is composed of 50,000 to 100,000 cells which consist of three specific stem cell populations that will create many different cell types. These stem cells will continually renew themselves in the body column. Hydras have two significant structures on their body: the "head" and the "foot". When a Hydra is cut in half, each half will regenerate and form into a small Hydra; the "head" will regenerate a "foot" and the "foot" will regenerate a "head". If the Hydra is sliced into many segments then the middle slices will form both a "head" and a "foot". Respiration and excretion occur by diffusion throughout the surface of the epidermis, while larger excreta are discharged through the mouth.
    Nervous system
    The nervous system of Hydra is a nerve net, which is structurally simple compared to more derived animal nervous systems. Hydra does not have a recognizable brain or true muscles. Nerve nets connect sensory photoreceptors and touch-sensitive nerve cells located in the body wall and tentacles. The structure of the nerve net has two levels:

    level 1 – sensory cells or internal cells; and, level 2 – interconnected ganglion cells synapsed to epithelial or motor cells.

    Some have only two sheets of neurons.


    Genomics
    An ortholog comparison analysis done within the last decade demonstrated that Hydra share a minimum of 6,071 genes with humans. Hydra is becoming an increasingly better model system as more genetic approaches become available. A draft of the genome of Hydra magnipapillata was reported in 2010. The genomes of cnidarians are usually less than 500 Mb in size, as in the Hydra viridissima, which has a genome size of approximately 300 Mb. In contrast, the genomes of brown hydras are approximately 1 Gb in size. This is because the brown hydra genome is the result of an expansion event involving LINEs, a type of transposable elements, in particular, a single family of the CR1 class. This expansion is unique to this subgroup of the genus Hydra and is absent in the green hydra, which has a repeating landscape similar to other cnidarians. These genome characteristics make Hydra attractive for studies of transposon-driven speciations and genome expansions.
    Non-senescence
    Daniel Martinez claimed in a 1998 article in Experimental Gerontology that Hydra are biologically immortal. This publication has been widely cited as evidence that Hydra do not senesce (do not age), and that they are proof of the existence of non-senescing organisms generally. In 2010, Preston Estep published (also in Experimental Gerontology) a letter to the editor arguing that the Martinez data refute the hypothesis that Hydra do not senesce. The controversial unlimited life span of Hydra has attracted much attention from scientists. Research today appears to confirm Martinez' study. Hydra stem cells have a capacity for indefinite self-renewal. The transcription factor "forkhead box O" (FoxO) has been identified as a critical driver of the continuous self-renewal of Hydra. In experiments, a drastically reduced population growth resulted from FoxO down-regulation. In bilaterally symmetrical organisms (Bilateria), the transcription factor FoxO affects stress response, lifespan, and increase in stem cells. If this transcription factor is knocked down in bilaterian model organisms, such as fruit flies and nematodes, their lifespan is significantly decreased. In experiments on H. vulgaris (a radially symmetrical member of phylum Cnidaria), when FoxO levels were decreased, there was a negative effect on many key features of the Hydra, but no death was observed, thus it is believed other factors may contribute to the apparent lack of aging in these creatures. While Hydra immortality is well-supported today, the implications for human aging are still controversial. There is much optimism; however, it appears that researchers still have a long way to go before they are able to understand how the results of their work might apply to the reduction or elimination of human senescence.
    Abstract
    Hydra ( ) is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa. They are native to the temperate and tropical regions. Biologists are especially interested in Hydra because of their regenerative ability – they do not appear to die of old age, or to age at all.
    Motion and locomotion
    Hydra attached to a substrate

    If Hydra are alarmed or attacked, the tentacles can be retracted to small buds, and the body column itself can be retracted to a small gelatinous sphere. Hydra generally react in the same way regardless of the direction of the stimulus, and this may be due to the simplicity of the nerve nets. Hydra are generally sedentary or sessile, but do occasionally move quite readily, especially when hunting. They have two distinct methods for moving – 'looping' and 'somersaulting'. They do this by bending over and attaching themselves to the substrate with the mouth and tentacles and then relocate the foot, which provides the usual attachment, this process is called looping. In somersaulting, the body then bends over and makes a new place of attachment with the foot. By this process of "looping" or "somersaulting", a Hydra can move several inches (c. 100 mm) in a day. Hydra may also move by amoeboid motion of their bases or by detaching from the substrate and floating away in the current.
    Reproduction and life cycle
    Hydra budding:

    When food is plentiful, many Hydra reproduce asexually by budding. The buds form from the body wall, grow into miniature adults and break away when mature. When a hydra is well fed, a new bud can form every two days. When conditions are harsh, often before winter or in poor feeding conditions, sexual reproduction occurs in some Hydra. Swellings in the body wall develop into either ovaries or testes. The testes release free-swimming gametes into the water, and these can fertilize the egg in the ovary of another individual. The fertilized eggs secrete a tough outer coating, and, as the adult dies (due to starvation or cold), these resting eggs fall to the bottom of the lake or pond to await better conditions, whereupon they hatch into nymph Hydra. Some Hydra species, like Hydra circumcincta and Hydra viridissima, are hermaphrodites and may produce both testes and ovaries at the same time. Many members of the Hydrozoa go through a body change from a polyp to an adult form called a medusa, which is usually the life stage where sexual reproduction occurs, but Hydra do not progress beyond the polyp phase.
    Feeding
    Hydra mainly feed on aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia and Cyclops. While feeding, Hydra extend their body to maximum length and then slowly extend their tentacles. Despite their simple construction, the tentacles of Hydra are extraordinarily extensible and can be four to five times the length of the body. Once fully extended, the tentacles are slowly manoeuvred around waiting for contact with a suitable prey animal. Upon contact, nematocysts on the tentacle fire into the prey, and the tentacle itself coils around the prey. Within 30 seconds, most of the remaining tentacles will have already joined in the attack to subdue the struggling prey. Within two minutes, the tentacles will have surrounded the prey and moved it into the opened mouth aperture. Within ten minutes, the prey will have been engulfed within the body cavity, and digestion will have started. Hydra are able to stretch their body wall considerably in order to digest prey more than twice their size. After two or three days, the indigestible remains of the prey will be discharged through the mouth aperture via contractions. The feeding behaviour of Hydra demonstrates the sophistication of what appears to be a simple nervous system. Some species of Hydra exist in a mutual relationship with various types of unicellular algae. The algae are protected from predators by Hydra and, in return, photosynthetic products from the algae are beneficial as a food source to Hydra.

    Measuring the feeding response

    Addition of glutathione causes reduction in the tentacle spread in hydra.

    The feeding response in Hydra is induced by glutathione (specifically in the reduced state as GSH) released from damaged tissue of injured prey. There are several methods conventionally used for quantification of the feeding response. In some, the duration for which the mouth remains open is measured. Other methods rely on counting the number of Hydra among a small population showing the feeding response after addition of glutathione. Recently, an assay for measuring the feeding response in hydra has been developed. In this method, the linear two-dimensional distance between the tip of the tentacle and the mouth of hydra was shown to be a direct measure of the extent of the feeding response. This method has been validated using a starvation model, as starvation is known to cause enhancement of the Hydra feeding response.
    Tissue regeneration
    Hydra undergoes morphallaxis (tissue regeneration) when injured or severed. Typically, Hydras will reproduce by just budding off a whole new individual; the bud will occur around two-thirds of the way down the body axis. When a Hydra is cut in half, each half will regenerate and form into a small Hydra; the "head" will regenerate a "foot" and the "foot" will regenerate a "head". This regeneration occurs without cell division. If the Hydra is sliced into many segments, the middle slices will form both a "head" and a "foot". The polarity of the regeneration is explained by two pairs of positional value gradients. There is both a head and foot activation and inhibition gradient. The head activation and inhibition works in an opposite direction of the pair of foot gradients. The evidence for these gradients was shown in the early 1900s with grafting experiments. The inhibitors for both gradients have shown to be important to block the bud formation. The location that the bud will form is where the gradients are low for both the head and foot. Hydras are capable of regenerating from pieces of tissue from the body and additionally after tissue dissociation from reaggregates.
    Morphology
    Schematic drawing of a discharging nematocyst

    Hydra has a tubular, radially symmetric body up to 10 mm long when extended, secured by a simple adhesive foot known as the basal disc. Gland cells in the basal disc secrete a sticky fluid that accounts for its adhesive properties. At the free end of the body is a mouth opening surrounded by one to twelve thin, mobile tentacles. Each tentacle, or cnida (plural: cnidae), is clothed with highly specialised stinging cells called cnidocytes. Cnidocytes contain specialized structures called nematocysts, which look like miniature light bulbs with a coiled thread inside. At the narrow outer edge of the cnidocyte is a short trigger hair called a cnidocil. Upon contact with prey, the contents of the nematocyst are explosively discharged, firing a dart-like thread containing neurotoxins into whatever triggered the release. This can paralyze the prey, especially if many hundreds of nematocysts are fired. Hydra has two main body layers, which makes it "diploblastic". The layers are separated by mesoglea, a gel-like substance. The outer layer is the epidermis, and the inner layer is called the gastrodermis, because it lines the stomach. The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple. Hydramacin is a bactericide recently discovered in Hydra; it protects the outer layer against infection. A single Hydra is composed of 50,000 to 100,000 cells which consist of three specific stem cell populations that will create many different cell types. These stem cells will continually renew themselves in the body column. Hydras have two significant structures on their body: the "head" and the "foot". When a Hydra is cut in half, each half will regenerate and form into a small Hydra; the "head" will regenerate a "foot" and the "foot" will regenerate a "head". If the Hydra is sliced into many segments then the middle slices will form both a "head" and a "foot". Respiration and excretion occur by diffusion throughout the surface of the epidermis, while larger excreta are discharged through the mouth.
    Nervous system
    The nervous system of Hydra is a nerve net, which is structurally simple compared to more derived animal nervous systems. Hydra does not have a recognizable brain or true muscles. Nerve nets connect sensory photoreceptors and touch-sensitive nerve cells located in the body wall and tentacles. The structure of the nerve net has two levels:

    level 1 – sensory cells or internal cells; and, level 2 – interconnected ganglion cells synapsed to epithelial or motor cells.

    Some have only two sheets of neurons.

    https://www.gbif.org/species/113441987

    I am not sure this is information is specific to Hydra Linnaeus but it is very interesting. Note the connection to glutathione, which incidently is what NAC which the FDA would like to ban helps to produce in the body.

  40. The Following 6 Users Say Thank You to Pam For This Post:

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