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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Rare Earthquake Warning Issued for Oklahoma

    By Becky Oskin, Senior Writer | May 05, 2014 03:30pm ET


    Mile for mile, there are almost as many earthquakes rattling Oklahoma as California this year. This major increase in seismic shaking led to a rare earthquake warning today (May 5) from the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oklahoma Geological Survey.

    In a joint statement, the agencies said the risk of a damaging earthquake — one larger than magnitude 5.0 — has significantly increased in central Oklahoma.

    Geologists don't know when or where the state's next big earthquake will strike, nor will they put a number on the increased risk. "We haven't seen this before in Oklahoma, so we had some concerns about putting a specific number on the chances of it," Robert Williams, a research geophysicist with the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program in Golden, Colorado, told Live Science. "But we know from other cases around the world that if you have an increasing number of small earthquakes, the chances of a larger one will go up." [Watch 2500+ Oklahoma Earthquakes Since 2012 (Video)]

    That's why earthquakes of magnitude 5 and larger are more frequent in states such as California and Alaska, where thousands of smaller temblors hit every year.

    This is the first time the USGS has issued an earthquake warning for a state east of the Rockies, Williams said. Such seismic hazard assessments are more typically issued for Western states following large quakes, to warn residents of the risk of damaging aftershocks, he said.

    The geological agencies took action after the rate of earthquakes in Oklahoma outpaced that of even California for the first few months of 2014. (California regained the lead in April.) [The 10 Biggest Earthquakes in History]

    "The rate of earthquakes increased dramatically in March and April," Williams said. "That alerted us to examine this further and put out this advisory statement."

    While Oklahoma's buildings can withstand light earthquakes, the damage from a magnitude-5 temblor could be widespread. Oklahoma's last major earthquake was in November 2011, when a magnitude-5.6 earthquake centered near Prague, Oklahoma, destroyed 14 homes and injured at least two people.

    "Building owners and government officials should have a special concern for older, unreinforced brick structures, which are vulnerable to serious damage during sufficient shaking," Bill Leith, a USGS senior science adviser for earthquakes and geologic hazards, said in the joint statement.

    While scientists haven't ruled out natural causes for the increase, many researchers suspect the deep injection wells used for the disposal of fracking wastewater could be causing the earthquake activity. Fracking, short for hydraulic fracturing, is a method of extracting oil and gas by cracking open underground rock.

    Oklahoma earthquakes.
    Credit: USGS


    Ongoing studies have found a link between Oklahoma's high-volume wastewater injection wells and regions with an uptick in earthquakes.

    According to the USGS, the number of quakes magnitude-3 and stronger jumped by 50 percent in the past eight months in Oklahoma. Some 183 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or greater struck between October 2013 and April 14, 2014. The state's long-term average from 1978 to 2008 was only two earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or larger per year.

    If the earthquakes are caused by wastewater injection, then the activity could continue or decrease with future changes in well usage in the state.

    "We don't know if this earthquake rate is going to continue," Williams said. "It could go to a higher rate or lower, so the increased chances of a damaging quake could change in the future."

    Email Becky Oskin or follow her @beckyoskin. Follow us @OAPlanet, Facebook and Google+. Original article at Live Science's Our Amazing Planet.
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    ..........
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley causes mountain rise


    PhysOrg
    Wed, 14 May 2014 14:06 CDT




    © UNAVCO

    GPS station P311 in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California, administered by the EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory. Modest, contemporary vertical uplift of this and other GPS stations in the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges across central California is attributed to human-caused groundwater depletion in the adjacent San Joaquin Valley.

    Winter rains and summer groundwater pumping in California's Central Valley make the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges sink and rise by a few millimeters each year, creating stress on the state's earthquake faults that could increase the risk of a quake.

    Gradual depletion of the Central Valley aquifer because of groundwater pumping also raises these mountain ranges by a similar amount each year - about the thickness of a dime - with a cumulative rise over the past 150 years of up to 15 centimeters (6 inches), according to calculations by a team of geophysicists.

    While the seasonal changes in the Central Valley aquifer have not yet been firmly associated with any earthquakes, studies have shown that similar levels of periodic stress, such as that caused by the motions of the moon and sun, increase the number of microquakes on the San Andreas Fault, which runs parallel to the mountain ranges. If these subtle seasonal load changes are capable of influencing the occurrence of microquakes, it is possible that they can sometimes also trigger a larger event, said Roland Bürgmann, UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science at UC Berkeley.

    "The stress is very small, much less than you need to build up stress on a fault toward an earthquake, but in some circumstances such small stress changes can be the straw that broke the camel's back; it could just give that extra push to get a fault to fail," Bürgmann said.

    Bürgmann is a coauthor of a report published online this week by the journal Nature. The study, based on detailed global positioning satellite (GPS) measurements from California and Nevada between 2007 and 2010, was led by former UC Berkeley postdoctoral fellows Colin Amos, now at Western Washington University, and Pascal Audet, now of the University of Ottawa. The detailed GPS analysis was performed by William C. Hammond and Geoffrey Blewitt of the University of Nevada, Reno.

    Draining of Central Valley

    Water has been pumped from California's Central Valley for more than 150 years, reducing what used to be a marsh and extensive lake, Tulare Lake, into fertile agricultural fields that feed the world. In that time, approximately 160 cubic kilometers (40 cubic miles) of water was removed - the capacity of Lake Tahoe - dropping the water table in some areas more than 120 meters (400 feet) and the ground surface 5 meters (16 feet) or more.

    The weight of water removed allowed the underlying crust or lithosphere to rise by so-called isostatic rebound, which has raised the Sierra probably as much as half a foot since about 1860, Bürgmann said.

    The same rebound happens as a result of the state's seasonal rains. Torrential winter storms drop water and snow across the state, which eventually flow into Central Valley streams, reservoirs and underground aquifer, pushing down the crust and lowering the Sierra 1-3 millimeters. In the summer, water flow through the delta into the Pacific Ocean, evaporation and ground water pumping for irrigation, which has accelerated in the past few years because of a drought, allows the crust and surrounding mountains to rise again.

    Bürgmann said that the flexing of Earth's crust downward in winter would clamp the San Andreas Fault tighter, lowering the risk of quakes, while in summer the upward flexure would relieve this clamping and perhaps increase the risk.

    "The hazard is ever so slightly higher in the summer than in the wintertime," he said. "This suggests that climate and tectonics interact; that water changes ultimately affect the deeper Earth too."

    High-resolution mapping with continuous GPS

    Millimeter-precision measurements of elevation have been possible only in the last few years, with improved continuous GPS networks - part of the National Science Foundation-funded Plate Boundary Observatory, which operates 1,100 stations around the western U.S. - and satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). These measurements revealed a steady yearly rise of the Sierra of 1-2 millimeters per year, which was initially ascribed to tectonic activity deep underground, even though the rate was unusually high, Bürgmann said. The new study provides an alternative and more reasonable explanation for the rise of the Sierra in historic times.

    "The Coast Range is doing the same thing as the Sierra Nevada, which is part of the evidence that this can't be explained by tectonics," he said. "Both ranges have uplifted over the last few years and they both exhibit the same seasonal up and down movement in phase. This tells us that something has to be driving the system at a seasonal and long-term sense, and that has to be groundwater recharging and depletion."

    In response to the current drought, about 30 cubic kilometers (7.5 cubic miles) of water were removed from Central Valley aquifers between 2003 and 2010, causing a rise of about 10 millimeters (2/5 inch) in the Sierra over that time.

    After the new results were shared with colleagues, Bürgmann said, some geologists suggested that the state could get a better or at least comparable inventory of available water each year by using GPS to measure ground deformation instead of measuring snowpack and reservoir levels.
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    ‘Volcano-like eruption’ in Himachal Pradesh

    June 6, 2014 · http://www.canindia.com/e1erd

    SHIMLA
    A “volcano-like eruption” in Kangra district in Himachal Pradesh triggered panic among the people of the area. Reports said that flames and a hot liquid stream were seen spewing out of a hill 100 m from Gadiyada village.


    The village is over 200 km from Shimla.

    State geologists confirmed that the eruption is a ‘small magmatic activity’. After the report, a team of Geological Survey of India (GSI) reached the site on Thursday.

    Fearing that a bigger eruption could damage their agricultural land and houses, residents of around half a dozen villages in the vicinity of the eruption are anxiously awaiting the final report of GSI team.

    “Gases and liquids are being emitted from holes in a 10 feet area around the hill where the volcanic activity took place,” said Ved Prakash, president of Drang panchayat. He said the eruption, unheard of in this area, caused panic among villagers.

    This is the first time such a volcanic activity has been witnessed in the state.

    Chief parliamentary secretary Jagjivan Pal in whose Sulah assembly constituency the area falls visited the spot on Tuesday.

    He said the flames and the hot liquid emanating from the hill had created panic. “Underground temperature in the area has increased manifold and people say that a steel electricity pole had become red hot a couple of days back,” he added. Pal said a sulphur-like material and black stone is flowing out from the perimeter of the hill.
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Scientist Reveals Inconvenient Truth to Alarmists

    Written by Larry Bell, NewsMax on June 19, 2014.



    Dr. Christian Schlüchter’s discovery of 4,000-year-old chunks of wood at the leading edge of a Swiss glacier was clearly not cheered by many members of the global warming doom-and-gloom science orthodoxy.

    This finding indicated that the Alps were pretty nearly glacier-free at that time, disproving accepted theories that they only began retreating after the end of the little ice age in the mid-19th century. As he concluded, the region had once been much warmer than today, with “a wild landscape and wide flowing river.”

    Dr. Schlüchter’s report might have been more conveniently dismissed by the entrenched global warming establishment were it not for his distinguished reputation as a giant in the field of geology and paleoclimatology who has authored/coauthored more than 250 papers and is a professor emeritus at the University of Bern in Switzerland.

    Then he made himself even more unpopular thanks to a recent interview titled “Our Society is Fundamentally Dishonest” which appeared in the Swiss publication Der Bund where he criticized the U.N.-dominated institutional climate science hierarchy for extreme tunnel vision and political contamination.

    Following the ancient forest evidence discovery Schlüchter became a target of scorn. As he observes in the interview, “I wasn’t supposed to find that chunk of wood because I didn’t belong to the close-knit circle of Holocene and climate researchers. My findings thus caught many experts off guard: Now an ‘amateur’ had found something that the [more recent time-focused] Holocene and climate experts should have found.”

    Other evidence exists that there is really nothing new about dramatic glacier advances and retreats. In fact the Alps were nearly glacier-free again about 2,000 years ago. Schlüchter points out that “the forest line was much higher than it is today; there were hardly any glaciers. Nowhere in the detailed travel accounts from Roman times are glaciers mentioned.”

    Schlüchter criticizes his critics for focusing on a time period which is “indeed too short.” His studies and analyses of a Rhone glacier area reveal that “the rock surface had [previously] been ice-free 5,800 of the last 10,000 years."

    Such changes can occur very rapidly. His research team was stunned to find trunks of huge trees near the edge of Mont Miné Glacier which had all died in just a single year. They determined that time to be 8,200 years ago based upon oxygen isotopes in the Greenland ice which showed marked cooling.

    Casting serious doubt upon alarmist U.N.-IPCC projections that the Alps will be nearly glacier-free by 2100, Schlüchter poses several challenging questions: “Why did the glaciers retreat in the middle of the 19th century, although the large CO2 increase in the atmosphere came later? Why did the Earth 'tip' in such a short time into a warming phase? Why did glaciers again advance in the 1880s, 1920s, and 1980s? . . . Sooner or later climate science will have to answer the question why the retreat of the glacier at the end of the Little Ice Age around 1850 was so rapid.”

    Although we witness ongoing IPCC attempts to blame such developments upon evil fossil-fueled CO2 emissions, that notion fails to answer these questions. Instead, Schlüchter believes that the sun is the principal long-term driver of climate change, with tectonics and volcanoes acting as significant contributors.

    Regarding IPCC integrity with strong suspicion, Schlüchter recounts a meeting in England that he was “accidentally” invited to which was led by “someone of the East Anglia Climate Center who had come under fire in the wake of the Climategate e-mails.”

    As he describes it: “The leader of the meeting spoke like some kind of Father. He was seated at a table in front of those gathered and he took messages. He commented on them either benevolently or dismissively.”

    Schlüchter’s view of the proceeding took a final nosedive towards the end of the discussion. As he noted: “Lastly it was about tips on research funding proposals and where to submit them best. For me it was impressive to see how the leader of the meeting collected and selected information.”

    As a number of other prominent climate scientists I know will attest, there’s one broadly recognized universal tip for those seeking government funding. All proposals with any real prospects for success should somehow link climate change with human activities rather than to natural causes. Even better, those human influences should intone dangerous consequences.

    Schlüchter warns that the reputation of science is becoming more and more damaged as politics and money gain influence. He concludes, “For me it also gets down to the credibility of science . . . Today many natural scientists are helping hands of politicians, and are no longer scientists who occupy themselves with new knowledge and data. And that worries me.”

    Yes. That should worry everyone.

    Source


    Also, see this post (<---)
    Last edited by Hervé; 22nd June 2014 at 22:41.
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    I just ran into this video, a collection of climatic events/disasters that occured during the month of June 2014...


    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_cAO4ZZJjI#t=104



    (I don't understand why the vid won't embed... boh)
    Last edited by MorningSong; 16th July 2014 at 12:59.
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Huge fissure opens up in Mexico..

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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Nanodiamonds Are Forever

    A UCSB professor’s research examines 13,000-year-old nanodiamonds from multiple locations across three continents

    By Julie Cohen, Thursday, August 28, 2014 - 11:30
    Santa Barbara, CA



    A transmission electron microscopy image of carbon spherules from the Younger Dryas Boundary 30 cm below the surface in Gainey, Michigan.



    A three-dimensional carbon spherule containing n-diamonds and lonsdaleite-like crystals from Daisy Cave on San Miguel Island, one of California’s Channel Islands.



    Fast Fourier transform of a single cubic nanodiamond from Murray Springs, Arizona, viewed along the zone axis.



    A transmission electron microscopy image of an unusually large, multiply twinned n-diamond or flawed cubic nanodiamond with 20 conjoined crystals from Kangerlussuaq, Greenland.








    The solid line defines the current known limits of the Younger Dryas Boundary field of cosmic-impact proxies, spanning 50 million square kilometers.

    Most of North America’s megafauna — mastodons, short-faced bears, giant ground sloths, saber-toothed cats and American camels and horses — disappeared close to 13,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene period. The cause of this massive extinction has long been debated by scientists who, until recently, could only speculate as to why.

    A group of scientists, including UC Santa Barbara’s James Kennett, professor emeritus in the Department of Earth Science, posited that a comet collision with Earth played a major role in the extinction. Their hypothesis suggests that a cosmic-impact event precipitated the Younger Dryas period of global cooling close to 12,800 years ago.

    This cosmic impact caused abrupt environmental stress and degradation that contributed to the extinction of most large animal species then inhabiting the Americas. According to Kennett, the catastrophic impact and the subsequent climate change also led to the disappearance of the prehistoric Clovis culture, known for its big game hunting, and to human population decline.

    In a new study published this week in the Journal of Geology, Kennett and an international group of scientists have focused on the character and distribution of nanodiamonds, one type of material produced during such an extraterrestrial collision. The researchers found an abundance of these tiny diamonds distributed over 50 million square kilometers across the Northern Hemisphere at the Younger Dryas boundary (YDB). This thin, carbon-rich layer is often visible as a thin black line a few meters below the surface.

    Kennett and investigators from 21 universities in six countries investigated nanodiamonds at 32 sites in 11 countries across North America, Europe and the Middle East. Two of the sites are just across the Santa Barbara Channel from UCSB: one at Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, the other at Daisy Cave on San Miguel Island.

    “We conclusively have identified a thin layer over three continents, particularly in North America and Western Europe, that contain a rich assemblage of nanodiamonds, the production of which can be explained only by cosmic impact,” Kennett said. “We have also found YDB glassy and metallic materials formed at temperatures in excess of 2200 degrees Celsius, which could not have resulted from wildfires, volcanism or meteoritic flux, but only from cosmic impact.”

    The team found that the YDB layer also contained larger than normal amounts of cosmic impact spherules, high-temperature melt-glass, grapelike soot clusters, charcoal, carbon spherules, osmium, platinum and other materials. But in this paper the researchers focused their multi-analytical approach exclusively on nanodiamonds, which were found in several forms, including cubic (the form of diamonds used in jewelry) and hexagonal crystals.

    “Different types of diamonds are found in the YDB assemblages because they are produced as a result of large variations in temperature, pressure and oxygen levels associated with the chaos of an impact,” Kennett explained. “These are exotic conditions that came together to produce the diamonds from terrestrial carbon; the diamonds did not arrive with the incoming meteorite or comet.”

    Based on multiple analytical procedures, the researchers determined that the majority of the materials in the YDB samples are nanodiamonds and not some other kinds of minerals. The analysis showed that the nanodiamonds consistently occur in the YDB layer over broad areas.

    “There is no known limit to the YDB strewnfield which currently covers more than 10 percent of the planet, indicating that the YDB event was a major cosmic impact,” Kennett said. “The nanodiamond datum recognized in this study gives scientists a snapshot of a moment in time called an isochron.”

    To date, scientists know of only two layers in which more than one identification of nanodiamonds has been found: the YDB 12,800 years ago and the well-known Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary 65 million years ago, which is marked by the mass extinction of the dinosaurs, ammonites and many other groups.

    “The evidence we present settles the debate about the existence of abundant YDB nanodiamonds,” Kennett said. “Our hypothesis challenges some existing paradigms within several disciplines, including impact dynamics, archaeology, paleontology and paleoceanography/paleoclimatology, all affected by this relatively recent cosmic impact.”
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Current Iceland eruption similar to Laki?

    By Robert On September 13, 2014 ·

    Laki killed an estimated 6 million people worldwide and ¼ of Iceland’s population.

    “The current eruption may be very similar to one that occurred in Iceland during 1783-1784,” says reader Chris Beal.


    I hope Chris is wrong, but here’s some info about Laki from Wikipedia and other sources.

    Laki is part of a volcanic system centered on the Grímsvötn volcano, between Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull glaciers.

    Laki mountain itself did not erupt, but fissures opened up on each side, erupting over an eight-month period between 1783 and 1784. The eruption poured out an estimated 3.4 cubic miles (14 km3) of lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that killed more than 50% of Iceland’s livestock, and lead to a famine that killed approximately 25% of the island’s human population.

    Sulfur dioxide spewed into the Northern Hemisphere, causing a drop in global temperatures and the coldest winter in 250 years.. This caused crop failures in Europe and may even have caused droughts in India.

    The eruption has been estimated to have killed more than six million people globally, making it the deadliest eruption in historical times.

    It was the second greatest eruption of the last 1,000 years, behind only the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, says Stephen Self, visiting professor of volcanology at the Open University.

    Consequences in Europe
    The estimated 120,000,000 tons – 120 million tons! – of sulphur dioxide is about three times the total annual European industrial output in 2006, and equivalent to a 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption every three days.

    While the Pinatubo eruption produced 17 tons of sulphur dioxide, Laki pumped out the same amount every three days at its peak, says Self. It belched more toxic gases than any eruption in the last 150 years.

    A thick haze – known as the “Laki haze” – spread down through Norway, Germany, France and across to Britain, causing panic when farm laborers began dropping like flies. (The sulphur dioxide was mixing with water vapor in the lungs to choke victims.) More than 20,000 deaths are estimated in Britain alone during the summer of 1783.

    Laki contributed significantly to several years of extreme weather in Europe, leading to an increase in poverty and famine that may have contributed to the French Revolution in 1789. Studies also suggest that there was an unusually strong El Niño effect from 1789 to 1793.

    Consequences in North America
    In North America, the winter of 1784 was the longest and one of the coldest ever recorded. It brought the longest period of below-zero temperatures in New England, the largest accumulation of snow in New Jersey, and the longest freezing over of the Chesapeake Bay, where Annapolis, Maryland is located A huge snowstorm hit the south, the Mississippi River froze at New Orleans and there was ice in the Gulf of Mexico.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laki

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8624791.stm

    Thanks to Chris Beal and Don Brown for these links
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    The mystery of the 'man-eating' sand dune holes that swallowed a 6-year-old



    Quote On 12 July 2013, a six-year-old boy disappeared into an enormous sand dune in the US to find himself buried alive for hours inside its shifting network of holes and chasms. Geologists are now scrambling to figure out why.
    The location of this event was on the Mount Baldy sand dune, Lake Michigan. The incident left geologists scratching their heads for months and stating it defied the laws of physics. They are saying a severe storm turned the huge dune into a "wandering" dune but that dunes aren' t supposed to contain holes like this. The geologists say they are seeing what appears to be a new geological phenomenon.

    The little boy survived, the investigation continues and the dune has been closed off from the public.

    Source: http://www.sciencealert.com/the-myst...ampaign=buffer

    The Smithsonian is conducting the investigation, here's their article: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/scienc...04/?all&no-ist
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    what is happening to our world? STRANGE Weekly Ev…: http://youtu.be/XDue6yQBab8

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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Strongest Hurricane Ever In The Northern Hemisphere Expected To Make "Catastrophic" Landfall In Mexico Later Today...
    http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories...10-23-07-59-14

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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Quote Posted by viking (here)
    Strongest Hurricane Ever In The Northern Hemisphere Expected To Make "Catastrophic" Landfall In Mexico Later Today...
    http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories...10-23-07-59-14

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    Avalon Member Eric J (Viking)'s Avatar
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    Default Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    Well... Weather changes are looking pretty grim as per George Green's predictions... et al... Houston we have a problem! ...

    Must say since I started this thread things have been ramping up weather wise. Whats next..?

    https://weather.com/storms/hurricane...texas-flooding

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    Lightbulb Re: Earth Changes 2010 to Date

    ‘Worst day ever’ for pigeon racing as 5,000 birds vanish - June 2021

    Quote Bird handlers are devastated after a mind-boggling 5,000 homing pigeons seemingly disappeared during a race across the UK. The 170-mile round-trip flight should’ve only taken three hours, over half the avian competitors were still unaccounted for as of last night. They were reportedly part of 250,000 pigeons released in approximately 50 racing events across the country — with just 10% returning on time and another tens of thousands reported missing.

    This meteorological event may have distorted Earth’s magnetic field, which the pigeons use to navigate like a meteorological GPS.

    Ian Evans, CEO of the Royal Pigeon Racing Association -“weather conditions across the country were good.” He added that “there was nothing to suggest that any birds would struggle to get home.”

    “I have never heard of anything like this,” lamented the bereaved bird boss, 45, who’s reportedly owned pigeons since he was 9 years old.

    To prevent such disasters in the future, Royal Pigeon Racing Association boss Evans is holding talks with the UK’s national weather service to obtain reports on any unusual solar activity.

    Suspicious0bservers- give their take on the possible Earths changes that may have contributed to the disaster; while also pointing out how other animals such as Elephants in China are migrating to different areas than usual.
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