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Thread: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Ecuador's spectacular volcanic eruption spews six-mile column of ash into the sky

    The Tungurahua volcano in central Ecuador erupted twice yesterday night. The volcano is pictured spewing six miles / 10 kilometres into the air with hot ash and smoke. Ecuador's geophysics institute said the first blast occurred at 6.10pm local time and was followed by a second, four-minute explosion and five lesser tremors.



    Tungurahua, which in the Quechua language means “throat of fire,” has been erupting since 1999 and is one of eight active volcanoes in Ecuador.




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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua - volcano Ecuador - ACTIVE ERUPTION 4/5 April 14

    As seen in the seismic shortly before 1800 local time the prior bumps and explosions from yesterday and yesterdays' evening culminated with a massive release and eruption. This eruption is consistent with our observations and the Geological Institutes' observations that Tunguruhua was coming back "alive".

    By studying the related seismic graphics from the previous days, the patterns or "re-wakening" can be noted. We are also looking at activity in the other volcanoes in this arc chain of Ecuador's northern Andes for any synchronous activity with this volcano (common magma plumbing ?).

    The Chilean quakes and aftershocks of recent couple days as have been noted in the posts, have changed the patterns in the Northern Equadorian seismic and volcanic activity.

    Here are yesterdays' late afternoon graphic followed by the late evening and into the early morning seismic:






    By the looks of the last seismic, the activity has subsided a bit with an eruption pulse rate of about 1 pulse per minute. Bursts are about 45 seconds to 55 seconds in duration.

    From the Geological Institute, the official agency who monitors this volcano (and the others in Ecuador), the report says:

    "A blast from 18:10 (local time) on 4 April, a constant tremor signal energy remains high, interspersed with explosions.

    Associated with this activity was observed until approximately 20:00, time from which remains high cloudiness volcano sector, the expulsion of incandescent blocks rolled down the upper flanks of the volcano, and the presence of a column emission of gases and ash.

    "In general, there have been howls of moderate intensity, except registered at 21:10 (local time) that caused the vibration of the structure of the Tungurahua Observatory (OVT) volcano, located 14 Km northwest of the volcano.

    "Related explosion 18:10 (local time) have received reports of falling rubble (lapilli) of 1-3 cm in diameter in populations of Bilbao, Choglontus, Chacauco and Cusúa.

    "With respect to the direction of the column associated with the explosion, emission can be determined based on satellite images that heads west, northeast and northwest.
    Because the volcano remains at a level considered high and no evidence of behavior change, the Geophysical Institute recommends maintaining prevention measures in areas of influence of the Tungurahua volcano.

    Geophysical Institute
    National Polytechnic School
    23:00 (local time)

    An earlier report was as follows:

    "April 4 at 18:10 (local time), the monitoring network of the Geophysical Institute reported a loud explosion with a duration of 5 minutes generated pyroclastic flows that descended the streams of northwestern and northern flank of the volcano ( Vascún streams, Pyramid, etc.).

    "The initial column reached 10 km above the level of the crater and its main direction was toward the southwest. Another pulse was recorded at 18:16 with a duration of 4 minutes with other possible generation of pyroclastic flows. From 18:24 one continuous emission tremor that lasts until the publication of this newsletter (19:00 local time) is recorded.

    "So far, there are reports drop in Bilbao and Cusúa gravel and ash Píllaro. on this day five explosions were generated moderate size.
    The staff of the Tungurahua Volcano Observatory (OVT) and the Geophysical Institute in Quito remains attentive to changes in the activity of the volcano. "

    The webcam image supplied by the Institute:




    Solar activity: Planetary K-index
    Now: Kp= 3 quiet
    24-hr max: Kp= 4 unsettled

    2014-04-03 19:57 UTC Minor Geomagnetic Storming Forecast for April 4-5

    "SWPC has issued a Watch for Minor (G1) Geomagnetic storming, expected to occur late on April 4th and through April 5th. This is due to a solar filament eruption on April 1st and a coronal mass ejection related to the previously mentioned Moderate (R2) Solar Flare of April 2nd. The latest WSA-Enlil model run indicates both eruptions will merge and arrive late on the 4th."

    ref: Space Weather Prediction center - http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/

    Magnetometer showed a SPIKE:

    Last edited by Bob; 5th April 2014 at 23:38.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua, volcano Ecuador - volcanic activity and seismic - STATUS ACTIVE ERUPTION - 6 April 14


    After a slight 2 hour break last nite about 2200 hours local, the volcano started back up with 10 minute long sustained eruptions, followed by a short pause of varied 3-6 minute intervals and then sustained activity. There have been periods of hardly any seismic activity, such as today after about 0704 local, and then an immediate movement of rock and then very active bursts 6 minutes later.. It is impossible to track against CotoPaxi, 54 miles north, although one can see increases in seismic swarms, and bumps while Tungurahua erupts. Reventador has slightly slowed down in the interval between eruptions, however the eruptive period has been reduced to 3-4 minutes per outburst.


    Report from the Geological Institute:

    "April 5, 2014
    From about 23:00 (local time) of April 4, 2014, a decrease of energy of seismic and surface activity of the Tungurahua volcano was noted. However, still remains at a level considered as moderate to high. The activity is characterized by the generating an almost permanent tremor signal, interspersed with small explosions.

    "At dawn, the expulsion of incandescent blocks hit the top of the sidewalls (Strombolian activity) in the morning and from a standing column of steam and gases emission was observed with low ash content of less than 1 km, observed height and moving in a direction to the West. Associated with this activity have been steady roar of moderate to low intensity."
    Last edited by Bob; 6th April 2014 at 20:51.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua, volcano Ecuador - ACTIVE ERUPTING - volcanic and seismic activity - 7 April 2014


    Eruption activity continues with a bit more output than Reventador 110 miles to the north - two strong emissive volcanoes in Ecuador are outputting smoke, SO2 (gas), ash and lava. The northern volcano has slightly diminished it's eruptive output spacing out peak emission and quiet periods, while Tungurahua has increased its output and diminished it's quiet periods. Predicting the rhythm at this point doesn't seem possible. Chile continues to have large "aftershocks" that could be contributing to the instability of the volcanoes in the Ring of Fire northwards.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua, volcano Ecuador, seismic and volcanic activity - STATUS ERUPTING



    The volcano has strong periods of activity, with calmer gaps, but such continued that pattern into the morning and afternoon. Both Reventador 110 miles to the north northeast and Tungurahua volcanoes are erupting in Ecuador. Tungurahua had been threatening for days, and had kicked off on the 4th April, shortly after the large Chilean quake and large aftershocks. The quake momentarily interrupted the Reventador's volcanic eruption pattern as well.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua - volcano Ecuado - STATUS ERUPTING - seismic and volcanic activity - 9 April 2014



    About 7 hours last nite the volcano stopped its massive eruption periods, but produced a strong roaring vibration, interspersed with pulses. After 0200 am local time activity resumed with a strong pattern of outbursts. These started to slow down about 0900 am and again at 1100 am, with "normal" eruptive pattern behavior after noon.

    Volcano-Cam - (updates regularly)


    Magnetic field monitor
    (no unusual magnetic activity - quiet)


    Intense continual activity resumed about 1300 after a brief interlude.

    A couple screen shots from the eruption showing up near sunset in Ecuador


    Last edited by Bob; 10th October 2015 at 23:26.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Live Eruption images from Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, near sunset 9 April 14


    Some lava is present at the cone tip.

    These is a live camera pix, so it will change over the day(s).. The clouds cleared this evening near sunset providing some great views of the eruption.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua, volcano Ecuador - volcanic and seismic activity - status ERUPTING with periods of calm. Intense rumbling showing on the seismic.



    No space weather alerts - at the moment, calm, slightly elevated electron flux (from x-ray activity from flares)


    Coronal Holes - two large holes earth facing, particle storm expected to reach earth 12-14th, watch for increased seismic and volcanic activity


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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua, volcano Ecuador - volcanic and seismic events - UNSETTLED, some Erupting, some quiet periods 11 April 2014



    Eruption level during the night was strong between 2000 and 2200 local and between 0400 and 0500 local. Other than those windows the output was substantially less, but a strong rumble is still showing in the graphs.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua volcano Ecuador - eruption events, seismic and volcanic report - 12 April 14

    The volcano has been bursting out with some lava, smoking, roaring and puffing.. The Geological Institute has some great report which we will paraphrase some excerpts from later in the report.









    From their website - http://www.igepn.edu.ec/
    "Last night, from the Tungurahua Volcano Observatory (OVT) several photographic sequences of long exposure and thermal imaging sequences, in order to show the progress and extent of the flow were made; The results of analysis of the sequences seem to indicate that the flow was stopped around 23:30. It is estimated that at that time, the lower flow front was located at the approximate elevation of 3400 m and then its extension from the inner crater would be just under 3 km. "

    The institute does spectacular work monitoring the volcanoes in Ecuador and they coordinate data from all over the world to see what is happening.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua volcano Ecuador - volcanic and seismic activity - 13 April 14 unsettled, some eruption, rumbling.

    Activity still remains, rumbling and outbursts, but not as strong as in previous days. The longest outburst last nite was about 6 minutes, today, a minute to 1 1/2 minutes in duration.



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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua volcano Ecuador - volcanic and seismic activity - 14 April 14 unsettled, some small eruptions, rumbling.

    Activity still remains, rumbling and outbursts, but not as strong as in previous days. The volcano appeared as if it were sleeping during the night, which has been a change in activity. During the night there were a few strong short bursts.

    The longest outburst during the morning so far was about 3 minutes, a minute to 1 1/2 minutes in duration is the average. Starting around 1030 am local time, a strong rumble is present, a roaring type of vibration, as has continued for at least 1 hour as of the time of this report.



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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua volcano Ecuador - volcanic and seismic activity - 15 April 14 unsettled, some small eruptions, rumbling.



    Some boomers and rumbles and for the most part the volcano is quieter, one would think "asleep again" but still under eruption watch status; it could erupt again.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua volcano Ecuador - volcanic and seismic activity - 16 April 14 unsettled, some small eruptions, rumbling.

    The volcano looked like it was sleeping until about 1900 when a strong roaring started up. This continued until shortly after about 2100. This type of pattern is matching the Revantador, up north about 115 miles.






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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua volcano Ecuador - volcanic seismic status - 17 April 14, rumbling, no current explosions


    very much reduced explosive activity. Similar to volcano Reventador 115 miles north, there is very much reduced activity (not normal) - Reventador is still emoting as well as rumbling with a similar roaring pattern as Tungurahua.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua, volcano Ecuador - volcanic and seismic activity - status - eruptions, intermittent explosions potential - 18 April 14



    From yesterday 2100-0200 this morning, the volcano exhibited some periods of long sustained activity of higher intensity. Afterwards, the older patterns of puff puff puff started to resume, shorter periods of activity for 1 minute up to a minute and a half. It seems when periods of calm occur, the magma river starts to cool in the plumbing and when activity resumes it has to break through the build-up. Longer sustained activity happens during the release of the build-up, and then after the pressure is reduced, the surge/puff, surge/puff appears to happen.

    When periods of sustained calm (minimal lava/ash) but when there continues to be rumbling, it is suspected that magma is building deep in the volcano. The Geological Institute is concerned about a potential for a large explosive eruption happening in the next week to two.

    From the Geological Institute page:
    "After analyzing deformation data, indications that continued to show increased inflationary patterns on the flanks of the volcano.

    "High out-gassing rates are occurring; recent data shows high values greater ​​than 1500 tons of SO2 per day. "

    SO2 gas is toxic (Sulfur Dioxide). H2S gas (hydrogen sulfide) is possible as well. Water vapor is being noted in the steam clouds when the eruptions happen.


    A visible ash cloud puff can be seen now and then through the surrounding clouds noted for this time of year in Ecuador.
    Last edited by Bob; 18th April 2014 at 16:28.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua volcano Ecuador, eruptions - seismic and volcanic activity 19 April 14

    The volcano appears to have more output than Reventador in the north, but is still diminished from full active long duration eruptions.




    Strong bursts are a minute to a minute and a half in duration. Periods of roaring/rumbing activity is up to 12 minutes at a time, substantially reduced from other days. The strongest period of activity was about 2200 last nite (averaged from 2130-2230) local time.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Volcanic Gases - what are they?

    Tungurahua is reportedly putting over 1500 TONS of SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) toxic gas into the atmosphere every day while this eruptive period (http://www.igepn.edu.ec/index.php)

    Background:


    At high pressures deep beneath the earth's surface, volcanic gases are dissolved in molten rock. But as magma rises toward the surface where the pressure is lower, gases held in the melt begin to form tiny bubbles. The increasing volume taken up by gas bubbles makes the magma less dense than the surrounding rock, which may allow the magma to continue its upward journey.

    Closer to the surface, the bubbles increase in number and size so that the gas volume may exceed the melt volume in the magma, creating a magma foam.

    The rapidly expanding gas bubbles of the foam can lead to explosive eruptions in which the melt is fragmented into pieces of volcanic rock, known as tephra. If the molten rock is not fragmented by explosive activity, a lava flow will be generated.

    Together with the tephra and entrained air, volcanic gases can rise tens of kilometers into Earth's atmosphere during large explosive eruptions. Once airborne, the prevailing winds may blow the eruption cloud hundreds to thousands of kilometers from a volcano.

    The gases spread from an erupting vent primarily as acid aerosols (tiny acid droplets), compounds attached to tephra particles, and microscopic salt particles.

    The most abundant gas typically released into the atmosphere from volcanic systems is water vapor (H2O), followed by carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

    Volcanoes also release smaller amounts of others gases, including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen chloride (HCL), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and helium (He).

    The volcanic gases that pose the greatest potential hazard to people, animals, agriculture, and property are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride. Locally, sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano.

    Globally, large explosive eruptions that inject a tremendous volume of sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere can lead to lower surface temperatures and promote depletion of the Earth's ozone layer. Because carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air, the gas may flow into in low-lying areas and collect in the soil.

    The concentration of carbon dioxide gas in these areas can be lethal to people, animals, and vegetation.

    A few historic eruptions have released sufficient fluorine-compounds to deform or kill animals that grazed on vegetation coated with volcanic ash; fluorine compounds tend to become concentrated on fine-grained ash particles, which can be ingested by animals.

    Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

    The effects of SO2 on people and the environment vary widely depending on (1) the amount of gas a volcano emits into the atmosphere; (2) whether the gas is injected into the troposphere or stratosphere; and (3) the regional or global wind and weather pattern that disperses the gas.

    Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that irritates skin and the tissues and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and throat.

    Sulfur dioxide chiefly affects upper respiratory tract and bronchi.

    The World Health Organization recommends a concentration of no greater than 0.5 ppm over 24 hours for maximum exposure. A concentration of 6-12 ppm can cause immediate irritation of the nose and throat; 20 ppm can cause eye irritation; 10,000 ppm will irritate moist skin within minutes.

    Emission rates of SO2 from an active volcano range from <20 tonnes/day to >10 million tonnes/day according to the style of volcanic activity and type and volume of magma involved.

    For example, the large explosive eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 15 June 1991 expelled 3-5 km3 of dacite magma and injected about 20 million metric tons of SO2 into the stratosphere. The sulfur aerosols resulted in a 0.5-0.6°C cooling of the Earth's surface in the Northern Hemisphere.

    The sulfate aerosols also accelerated chemical reactions that, together with the increased stratospheric chlorine levels from human-made chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) pollution, destroyed ozone and led to some of the lowest ozone levels ever observed in the atmosphere.

    At Kilauea Volcano (Hawaii), the recent effusive eruption of about 0.0005 km3/day (500,000 m3) of basalt magma releases about 2,000 tonnes of SO2 into the lower troposphere. Downwind from the vent, acid rain and air pollution is a persistent health problem when the volcano is erupting.
    • SO2 causes air pollution Volcanic smog
    • SO2 effects Earth's surface temperature Global cooling and ozone depletion

    ref: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/

    VOG - Volcanic Smog example (pix from Hawaii, Kilauea volcano emission)


    Sulfur Dioxide MAP (GLOBAL) - interactive MAP

    http://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua - Ecuador Volcano - volcanic and seismic 20 April 14 - occasional eruptive events, diminished activity



    The seismic monitoring network was offline late yesterday afternoon for 4 hours preventing data recording. Restarting monitoring at 1900 hours local. Small events showing a buildup of up to 3 minutes were occurring. Not until after 0100 local was there a large explosion. Then again about 0230 was a similar explosion. The roaring started about 0300 with a large 3 minute eruption about 0330 am. There were smaller events and sustained surge/roar vibrations for about 12 minutes, until shortly after 0400 when the majority of activity abruptly stopped.

    The early morning on the 20th was hardly marked by any major events.

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    Default Re: Ecuador - orange alert issued in areas of influence of Tungurahua volcano

    Tungurahua Ecuador volcano - volcanic and seismic activity 21 April 14

    Activity subsided dramatically yesterday starting about 0700 am.


    There were a couple significant explosions during the night.


    The early morning was marked with about 4 small puffs.

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