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Thread: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    "Speaking" of Göbekli Tepe:

    Stone carvings at Göbekli Tepe in Turkey confirm how comet struck Earth in 10,950BC

    Sarah Knapton The Telegraph, UK
    Fri, 21 Apr 2017 11:25 UTC


    The Vulture Stone from Göbekli Tepe (left) which recorded a devastating comet strike (right). © Alistair Coombs

    Ancient stone carvings confirm that a comet struck the Earth around 11,000BC, a devastating event which wiped out woolly mammoths and sparked the rise of civilisations.

    Experts at the University of Edinburgh analysed mysterious symbols carved onto stone pillars at Göbekli Tepe in southern Turkey, to find out if they could be linked to constellations.

    The markings suggest that a swarm of comet fragments hit Earth at the exact same time that a mini-ice age struck, changing the entire course of human history.

    Scientists have speculated for decades that a comet could be behind the sudden fall in temperature during a period known as the Younger Dryas. But recently the theory appeared to have been debunked by new dating of meteor craters in North America where the comet is thought to have struck.

    However, when engineers studied animal carvings made on a pillar - known as the vulture stone - at Göbekli Tepe they discovered that the creatures were actually astronomical symbols which represented constellations and the comet.

    The idea had been originally put forward by author Graham Hancock in his book Magicians of the Gods.

    Using a computer programme to show where the constellations would have appeared above Turkey thousands of years ago, they were able to pinpoint the comet strike to 10,950BC, the exact time the Younger Dryas begins according to ice core data from Greenland.

    The Younger Dryas is viewed as a crucial period for humanity, as it roughly coincides with the emergence of agriculture and the first Neolithic civilisations.

    Before the strike, vast areas of wild wheat and barley had allowed nomadic hunters in the Middle East to establish permanent base camps. But the difficult climate conditions following the impact forced communities to come together and work out new ways of maintaining the crops, through watering and selective breeding. Thus farming began, allowing the rise of the first towns.

    Edinburgh researchers said the carvings appear to have remained important to the people of Göbekli Tepe for millennia, suggesting that the event and cold climate that followed likely had a very serious impact.


    © Martin Sweatman and Stellarium

    Dr Martin Sweatman, of the University of Edinburgh's School of Engineering, who led the research, said:
    "I think this research, along with the recent finding of a widespread platinum anomaly across the North American continent virtually seal the case in favour of (a Younger Dryas comet impact).

    "Our work serves to reinforce that physical evidence. What is happening here is the process of paradigm change.

    "It appears Göbekli Tepe was, among other things, an observatory for monitoring the night sky.

    "One of its pillars seems to have served as a memorial to this devastating event - probably the worst day in history since the end of the ice age."
    Göbekli Tepe, is thought to be the world's oldest temple site, which dates from around 9,000BC, predating Stonehenge by around 6,000 years.


    The Vulture Stone, at Göbekli Tepe. © Alistair Coombs
    (click on picture to emlarge)
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    I've always wanted to see someone put toothpaste back in the tube.

    Nice try.
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    How the Moon Was Formed

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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies



    This mainstream science announcement might be of huge importance.




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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Yea, but they are still trying to tack the new data onto the 'savages to civilised' in a flash theory.
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    New study suggests large meteorite impacts sparked volcanic eruptions

    Ed Adamczyk UPI
    Wed, 03 May 2017 11:22 UTC


    An example of a shard formed by the impact of a meteorite near Sudbury, Ontario. A new study connects meteorites to the rise of volcanic eruptions. © Paul Guyett/Trinity College Dublin

    The impact of ancient meteorites sparked volcanic eruptions, a team led by Trinity College Dublin geochemists says in a report.

    The team studied rocks in a massive crater in Sudbury, Ontario, where a deep basin was formed 1.85 billion years ago by a bolide, a meteor which exploded in the atmosphere.

    Small volcanic fragments of the crash remain, each shaped like a crab claw. Their shape indicates they were formed when gas bubbles expanded in molten rock and then suddenly exploded.

    The researchers findings indicate that the composition of the volcanic fragments changed over time. Immediately after the impact, volcanism, or the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock, is directly related to melting of the earth's crust. Over time, though, it was fed by magma, underground molten rock, coming from deeper levels within the earth.

    "This is an important finding, because it means that the magma sourcing the volcanoes was changing with time," Balz Kamber, a professor of geology and mineralogy at Trinity, said in a press release. "The reason for the excitement is that the effect of large impacts on the early earth could be more serious than previously considered. The intense bombardment of the early earth had destructive effects on the planet's surface but it may also have brought up material from the planet's interior, which shaped the overall structure of the planet."

    The findings, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, suggest similar events may have occurred on the moon and other planets. The lack of plate tectonics or erosion there keeps the surface features intact, though.
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Huge impact crater discovered near the Falklands Islands

    Hannah Osborne Newsweek
    Fri, 05 May 2017 11:50 UTC


    Artist impression of an asteroid impacting Earth. © NASA/Don Davis


    Scientists have discovered what they believe is one of the biggest impact craters in the world near the Falklands Islands. They say the crater appears to date to between 270 and 250 million years ago, which, if confirmed, would link it to the world's biggest mass extinction event, where 96 percent of life on Earth was wiped out.

    The presence of a massive crater in the Falklands was first proposed by Michael Rampino, a professor in New York University, in 1992 after he noticed similarities with the Chicxulub crater in Mexico—the asteroid that created this crater is thought to have played a major role in the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

    But after a brief report at the Falklands site, very little research was carried out. Now, a team of scientists—including Rampino—have returned to the area to perform an "exhaustive search for additional new geophysical information" that would indicate the presence of an impact crater.

    Their findings, published in the journal Terra Nova, suggest the huge circular depression just northwest of the islands is indeed the result of the massive impact of an asteroid or meteorite. The basin, which is now buried under sediments, measures over 150 miles in diameter.


    The proposed impact crater in the Falkland Islands. The islands are shown in yellow, while the regions of red show a notable increase in Earth's magnetism, characteristic of an impact. © National Centers for Environmental Information


    To analyze the site, the team, from the U.S., Argentina and Paraguay, looked at various aspects of the crater, including gravity anomalies and seismic reflection, which allows them to estimate sub-surface properties, along with differences in the chemistry of the rocks.

    Their findings were consistent with other impact craters, with certain features being "very similar to that of the Chicxulub multi-ring impact structure." They found there was a large magnetic anomaly, suggesting significant variation in rocks at the site, as well as gravitational variations "typical of very large impact structures."

    Researchers say the crater appears to date to the Late Paleozoic Era—around the same time as the Permian mass extinction event also known as the Great Dying. They believe the crater dates to between 270 and 250 million years ago, but say further investigations are needed to confirm this.

    "Future drilling in this basin is a must" they wrote. "If confirmed as a site of impact, then this structure would be one of the largest known impact structures on Earth." In a statement, Rampino added: "If the proposed crater turns out to be 250 million years old, it could correlate with the largest mass extinction ever _ the Permian extinctions, which wiped out more than 90 percent of all species."

    But not everyone is convinced of the link. Michael Benton, a paleontologist from the University of Bristol, told Newsweek in an email interview that while the discovery of an impact basin is interesting, it is not necessarily related to the Great Dying.

    'There have been several suggestions that the end-Permian mass extinction was linked to impact, including possible craters off Australia, and this one in the South Atlantic," he says. "The link of the current crater to the extinction is hugely tenuous—it could be the cause, but evidence is not presented for that idea.

    "It is only tentatively identified as a crater, and its age is estimated as Late Paleozoic—so it could be millions of years older than the critical boundary. Further, there is no evidence elsewhere in the world of the fallout for impact—as we know from the later impact at the end of the Cretaceous [period], you expect to find a shopping list of ten or more indicators of impact scattered worldwide, such as shocked quartz and iridium enrichment, but these have not been found. The study of a new crater is massively important, but it's unlikely it had anything to do with the end-Permian mass extinction."
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Of Flash Frozen Mammoths and Cosmic Catastrophes

    Pierre Lescaudron
    Sott.net
    Fri, 28 Jul 2017 20:40 UTC


    Mammoth painting in Rouffignac cave, France

    For years I've been fascinated by what could be considered as one of the greatest mysteries of our planet: the demise of the woolly mammoths. Try to imagine the barely imaginable: millions of giant mammoths inexplicably flash-frozen overnight.

    This is a fascinating event for several reasons. First, flash freezing is a very peculiar process that does not really occur on our planet. Also, given the death circumstances, the magnitude and power involved to virtually wipe out the whole mammoth genus is truly astounding.

    But maybe the most fascinating aspect of this event is that it occurred just 13,000 years ago when the human race was already widely established on planet Earth. For comparison, the upper paleolithic cave paintings found in Southern France (Lascaux, Chauvet, Rouffignac,...) were made 17,000 to 13,000 years ago.

    This event challenges our uniformitarian vision of history where the progress of life on our planet is a linear process, increasing day after day, undisturbed by any major external setback. Therefore such an event casts a different light on our human condition and the pervasive delusion that human beings are some kind of all-mighty creatures that are above natural laws, including those that govern major catastrophes.

    It is a fascinating and puzzling topic because the numerous theories that have been proposed over the last two centuries to explain the demise of the woolly mammoths such as them being caught in frozen rivers, victims of over-hunting, covered by hail storms, buried in mudslides, fallen in ice crevasses, caught be the ice age,... are not sufficient to fully explain this mass extinction.

    So, in the following article, I will try to provide explanations about how and why millions of woolly mammoths ended up flash frozen overnight.

    The woolly Mammoths
    The woolly mammoth is a close cousin of the modern elephant. Its size was similar to the African elephant, males reaching shoulder heights about 3 m (10 ft) and weighing up to 6 tonnes.

    The mammoths had a plant based diet and a fully grown male would need to eat about 180 kg (400 lb) of food daily.


    Maximum extension of the woolly mammoth during the Late Pleistocene

    At the time, woolly mammoths were very abundant on our planet. To illustrate this point, between 1750 and 1917, trade in mammoth ivory prospered over a wide geographical region, yielding an estimated 96,000 mammoth tusks. It is estimated that about 5 million mammoths lived in just a small portion of northern Siberia.

    Before their extinction, woolly mammoths inhabited wide portions of our planet. Remains have been found all over Northern Europe, Northern Asia and Northern America.

    Woolly mammoths were not the new kid on the block either, they had been roaming the planet for six million years before modern elephants and woolly mammoths split into separate species.

    A prejudiced interpretation of the hairy and fatty nature of the creature and a belief in unchanging climatic conditions led scientists to deem the woolly mammoth a creature of cold areas of our planet. But furry animals don't necessarily live in a cold climate, see for example desert animals like camels, kangaroos and fennecs. They are furry and they live in hot or temperate climates. In fact, most furry animals could not survive the arctic weather.


    Woolly mammoth "wool", Naturhistorisches Museum Wien

    What makes for successful cold adaptation is not fur per se but its erectile nature which traps a layer of air for thermal insulation against the cold. Unlike the fur seal for example, mammoths were devoid of erectile fur.

    Another factor in the protection of animals against damp and cold is the presence of sebaceous glands, which secrete oil on the skin and in the fur, offering protection against dampness.

    The woolly mammoth had no sebaceous glands and its dry hair would have allowed much snow to touch the skin, melt, and dramatically increase the heat loss (the thermal conductivity of water is about twelve times higher than the conductivity of snow).

    As suggested by the picture on the right, the fur of the mammoth was not very dense. For comparison, the fur of the yak (a cold adapted Himalayan mammal) is about 10 times thicker.

    In addition, the mammoths had hair hanging down to their toes, yet every arctic animal has fur, not hair on their toes. Hair would have caused snow to cake on its ankles and hinder walking.

    The above clearly shows that fur is not a proof of cold adaptation and neither is fat. Fat only proves that food is plentiful. A fat, overfed dog could not withstand an arctic blizzard and its -80F (-60° Celsius) temperatures. On the contrary, creatures like arctic rabbits or caribous can, despite their relative low fat to body mass ratio.

    Mammoths remains are usually found piled up with other animals like: tiger, antelope, camel, horse, reindeer, giant beaver, giant ox, musk sheep, musk ox, donkey, badger, ibex, woolly rhinoceros, fox, giant bison, lynx, leopard, wolverine, hare, lion, elk, giant wolf, ground squirrel, cave hyena, bear, and many types of birds. Most of those animals could not survive the arctic climate. This is an extra indication that woolly mammoths were not polar creatures.

    French prehistorian Henry Neuville conducted the most detailed study of mammoth skin and hair. At the end of his thorough analysis, he wrote the following:
    "It appears to me impossible to find, in the anatomical examination of the skin and [hair], any argument in favor of adaptation to the cold."

    - H. Neuville, On the Extinction of the Mammoth, Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1919, p. 332.
    Last, and not least, in the argument against the mammoth existing in a polar climate is food and water. How could the woolly mammoth sustain its vegetarian diet made of hundreds of pounds of daily intake in an arctic regions devoid of vegetation during most of the year? How could woolly mammoths find the gallons of water that it had to drink everyday?

    To make things worse, the woolly mammoth lived during the ice age, when temperatures were colder than today. Mammoths could not have survived the harsh northern Siberia climate of today, even less so 13,000 years ago when the Siberian climate was significantly colder.

    The evidence above strongly suggests that the woolly mammoth was not a polar creature but a temperate one. Consequently, at the beginning of the Younger Dryas, 13000 years ago, Siberia was not an arctic region but a temperate one.

    The Younger Dryas
    The Younger Dryas is named after a flower (Dryas octopetala) that grows in cold conditions and became common in Europe during this period that started around 10.900 BC (i.e. 12900 years ago) and lasted for about 1000 years. The Younger Dryas marks the transition between the last epoch known as the Pleistocene and our current epoch known as the Holocene.

    Younger Dryas flowers

    The Younger Dryas saw a sharp decline in temperature over most of the Northern Hemisphere, it was the most recent and longest interruption to the gradual warming of the Earth's climate. To give an idea of the magnitude of the cooling, the Greenland ice core GISP2 indicates that, at its height, it was approximately 15 °C (27 °F) colder during the Younger Dryas than it is today.


    Mean annual temperature (22000 to 8000 BP)

    Notice however that the overall cooling that occurred during the Younger Dryas was not homogeneous and while some regions experienced a marked cooling (Siberia, Europe, Greenland, Alaska) other regions experienced a relative warming (Northern America apart from Alaska, the 'Asian' side of Antarctica). This is an important point that we'll explore soon.

    Along with the drastic temperature drop, one of the major features of the Younger Dryas is a massive die-off: where 35 mammals (mastodons, giant beaver, saber-tooth cats, giant sloths, woolly rhinoceroses,...) and 19 genus of birds became extinct in a very short time period.

    Human populations were already quite widespread at the time (Yurok, Hopies, Kato, Arawaks, Toltecs, Incas...) and at least one of them, the Clovis people who inhabited Northern America, was erased from the face of Earth during this period of turmoil.

    Discovery sites of Clovis fluted points

    The Clovis people were not a small localized tribe, their implantation sites cover most of Northern America as indicated by the geographic range of their artifacts, particularly fluted points (see map on the right).

    The woolly mammoths were one of the 35 mammals genus that were wiped out during the event that started the Younger Dryas. Hibben estimated that as many as 40,000,000 animals died in North America alone. In total, hundreds of millions of mammoths were killed.

    Remains were found all across Northern Russia from the Urals to the Bering Strait and even on the American continent (Alaska and Yukon).

    Only two small pockets of mammoths remained: St. Paul Island until 5,600 years ago and Wrangel Island until 4,000 years ago.

    The crime scene
    The broad geographic scale of the extinction and its relatively recent occurrence provide a lot of scientific material. In the numerous excavations conducted over most parts of the Northern hemisphere, the burial sites of the woolly mammoths reveal the very same features again and again:


    Carbon glass found in three different Clovis sites

    - Soot : a concentration peak in charcoal and soot was found in several Clovis sites and in the Younger Dryas strata.

    - Fullerenes
    : a pure form of carbon like graphite and diamond. It is a large spheroidal molecule consisting of a hollow cage of sixty or more atoms of carbons. High concentrations of fullerenes were found in the 12900 BP strata.

    - Potassium 40
    : Potassium-40 is a naturally radioactive isotope with a 1.3-billion-year half-life that represents a tiny fraction of all potassium on Earth. This amount is very uniform throughout the solar system, except for meteorites, comets, or when a supernova is involved. Peak concentration of this isotope was found in the Clovis strata.

    - Helium-3: A typical extraterrestrial impact marker. Helium-3 is rare on Earth but common in extraterrestrial material. The connection between asteroid impacts and helium-3 was demonstrated by Becker et al. who located a 25-mile-wide impact site called the Bedout crater, that dates to the Permian extinction, 250 million years ago, and revealed high levels of helium-3. Similarly the Younger Dryas boundary contains peak concentrations of helium-3

    - thorium, titanium, cobalt, nickel, uranium and other rare earth elements: High concentration of these elements were found in the Younger Dryas strata, Clovis sites and several meteorite craters. These rare elements are seldom found on Earth but they are very common in meteorites.

    - Carbon glass
    : the 12900 BP strata is characterized by a high concentration of this form of black glass that is rich in carbon. Testing showed that the carbon glass samples included numerous internal gas bubbles.

    This is an indication of extraordinarily high temperatures followed by very sudden cooling. If carbon is pure, it melts at 6,400 degrees Fahrenheit, only extraordinary events can create such temperatures. Carbon glass is only found in the Clovis-era layer.

    - Iridium: an extremely rare element in the earth's crust but an element that is typically found in meteorites and cometary material. The geological strata relating to notable cometary bombardments (Dinosaur Extinction, dated at 65 million years BP, commonly referred to as the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Extinction, as well as the Triassic-Jurassic Extinction which occurred approximately 200 million years BP, exhibit abnormally high concentrations in iridium.


    Magnetic microspherule found in the Younger Dryas boundary

    - Nano diamonds: Millions of microscopic diamonds were found in Clovis sites. Hexagonal nano diamonds require pressures of 2 million psi (170000 bars) and temperatures between 1,000-1,700 °C followed by rapid quenching.

    - Spherules: hollow magnetic floating balls exhibiting a high concentration in carbon were found in most Clovis-era sites. This form of carbon requires very high temperature and pressure to form.

    These spheres are tiny, measuring from 10 to 50 micrometers in diameter but very frequent in the Younger Dryas boundary where thousands of microspherules were found in each kilogram of dirt.

    This long list of material: atypical isotopes like Helium-3, potassium-40, rare elements like iridium, thorium, uranium, reveal again and again the same pattern. They're almost absent from our natural environment but they are common in comets and they were found in high concentration in Clovis era strata and along impact craters.

    Exotic materials like carbon glass, spherules, microscopic diamonds and fullerenes tell a similar story. They indicate exceptionally high temperatures and pressures that don't occur on Earth except during extreme events like asteroid impacts. All this material was found in high concentration in impact sites and in the Clovis strata.

    Below, Firestone summarized the results of years of research conducted in numerous geological sites across Europe and America.
    "In stratified sections at each of 10 [Younger Dryas] sites, from California to Belgium and Manitoba to Arizona, we found a <5-cm-thick sediment layer dated ca. 12.9 ka that contained a majority of 14 markers, forming distinct stratigraphic peaks at above-background concentrations.

    These markers include magnetic microspherules (up to 2144/kg), magnetic grains (16g/kg) enriched in iridium (117 ppb, 6000× ter-restrial values), vesicular carbon spherules (1458/kg), glass-like carbon (16 g/kg), nanodiamonds, fullerenes containing extraterrestrial concentrations of 3He (84× air), and soot and charcoal (2 g/kg).

    Except for small quantities of magnetic grains and charcoal, the markers were undetectable in the sediment either above or below the impact layer, representing stratigraphic sequences spanning >55 k.y. This is inconsistent with Pinter and Ishman's assertion of a "constant" rain of meteoritic debris and demonstrates that a layer of concentrated extraterrestrial (ET) markers was deposited ca. 12.9 ka."
    Along with the Younger Dryas boundary, there is a second boundary that contains similar high concentrations of extraterrestrial impact material: the K-T boundary, also known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition, which is associated to the notoriously known Chicxulub Impact which marked a mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs.

    The numerous discoveries of cometary material and impact material in the Clovis strata, in the KT strata and in cometary/meteoric craters strongly suggests that a massive cometary bombardment occurred about 13000 years ago.


    Orientation of the secondary impacts related to the body that hit Lake Michigan © Firestone

    The 'Event'
    If the Younger Dryas and its accompanying mass extinction was caused by cometary bombardment, the next step is to identify the characteristics of the offending extraterrestrial bodies. Their nature, size, angle of impact, and of course, location of impact.

    In his book 'Cycle of cosmic catastrophes', Firestone did a tremendous job gathering evidence about the asteroid impacts that triggered the beginning of the Younger Dryas. This book is a must-read if you want to know more details about this topic than what a mere article can convey.

    The first task was to identify where the cometary fragments hit Earth. To do so Firestone investigated 'secondary craters', i.e. the craters created by ejecta coming from the primary impacts. Interestingly the orientation of the secondary craters pointed towards the same location.

    By triangulating the trajectories followed by the ejecta (see pictures on the right for an illustration of the method applied to the Hudson impact), Firestone identified five potential primary impacts and their diameter:
    Hudson Bay, Canada: 300 miles (480 km) diameter
    Amundsen Bay, Canada 150 miles (241 km) diameter
    Baffin Island, Canada 75 miles (120 km) diameter
    Lake Michigan, United States 65 miles (105 km) diameter
    Lake Saimaa, Finland: 180 miles (290 km) diameter
    The next step was to check if there was any trace of primary craters in those five locations. And, indeed there were.

    The primary craters were, however, noticeably shallower than expected. The shallowness of the craters relative to their width and length suggests that the impactors were not solid rock (meteorites) but more likely 'dirty snowballs' (cometary material) and that their impact angle was low.

    Indeed, the angle and the nature of the bolide have a direct influence on the shape of the crater. A rock solid meteorite following a vertical trajectory would create a round and deep crater while a 'fluffy' cometary fragment hitting Earth at a low angle would create a shallow elongated (elliptical) crater.

    Firestone's hypothesis was confirmed by geological surveys. For example, in Lake Michigan it was revealed that the Chippewa basin looked like a typical crater sub-basin, with its 'terrace faulting', a stair-step pattern formed when large slabs of rock crack and slide downward after impact (see picture on the right)

    [...]

    Full article: https://www.sott.net/article/357709-...c-Catastrophes
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    When one's got the smell of gun-powder smoke, the smoking gun AND the bullets...

    The mystery of mammoth tusks with iron fillings
    By Ned Rozell March 5, 2008

    A giant meteor may have exploded over Alaska thousands of years ago, shooting out metal fragments like buckshot, some of which embedded in the tusks of woolly mammoths and the horns of bison.

    Simultaneously, a large chunk of the meteor hit Alaska south of Allakaket, sending up a dust cloud that blacked out the sun over the entire state and surrounding areas, killing most of the life in the area.


    Embedded iron particles surrounded by carbonized rings in the outer layer of a mammoth tusk from Alaska. Inset photo shows how an object ripped through the tusk. Image courtesy Richard Firestone.

    Such is the scenario envisioned by Rick Firestone, a staff scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. Firestone and his colleagues have found mammoth tusks and a bison skull with nickel-rich iron particles in them on one side, suggesting the metal fragments all came from the same direction.

    Firestone's theory emerged when his colleague, Alan West of Dewey, Arizona, saw at a Phoenix gem and mineral show a mammoth tusk peppered with tiny bits of metal. Intrigued, West and Firestone looked at tusks owned by the same dealer in Calgary. By passing a magnet over mammoth tusks in Calgary, Firestone and West found seven mammoth tusks collected somewhere near the Yukon River and a bison skull from Siberia that had tiny iron fragments burned into them. The fragments also contained nickel.

    "One in 1,000 tusks had this material in it," Firestone said.

    Full article:
    http://alaskareport.com/news28/ned71...moth_tusks.htm

    See this post for further discusiion: https://projectavalon.net/forum4/show...l=1#post500017

    Related:
    Carolina Bays: Solved

    =======================================

    The only [apparent?] discrepancy is a dating mismatch since the shot-gunned mammoths time of death is estimated at around 35.000 years ago... or, if the dating is proven accurate, then, said mammoths experienced two distinct extinction level events.
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Now, to continue with Lescaudron's article, here is his explanation regarding this major stumbling block for the annihilation of mammoths with flash freezing in a similar way as depicted in the "The Day After Tomorrow" movie [btw, a major goof in that movie is the inversion of falling aircrafts for freezing "in the air": if there is no air to sustain them aloft (space vacuum), these crafts should first hit the ground before freezing]:

    -----------------------------------------------------

    Now we know that the woolly mammoths were killed by cometary bombardments. But, the main question remains unanswered: how did the mammoths get flash-frozen? First, let's define more precisely what flash freezing is.


    What is flash freezing?


    Flash freezing is the sudden exposure of an item (food, biological sample) to cold temperatures in order to preserve it. American inventor Clarence Birdseye developed the quick-freezing process of food preservation in the 20th century.

    This rapid freezing is usually done by submerging the sample in liquid nitrogen or a mixture of dry ice and ethanol. Liquids are usually used because their thermal conductivity is about 40 times greater than air.

    There are many forms of flash freezing from the mildest to the most sudden ones. So, what kind of flash freezing was experienced by the woolly mammoths?
    "At normal body temperatures, stomach acids and enzymes break down vegetable material within an hour. - What inhibited this process? - The only plausible explanation is for the stomach to cool to about 40°F in ten hours or less. - But because the stomach is protected inside a warm body (96.6°F for elephants), how cold must the outside air become to drop the stomach's temperature to 40°F? - Experiments have shown that the outer layers of skin would have had to drop suddenly to at least -175°F!"

    - Mark A. Krzos, Frozen Mammoths
    The undigested food (grasses, mosses, shrubs and tree leaves according to Russian scientist V.N. Sukachev) found in the stomachs and digestive tracts of the mammoths is not the only evidence of flash freezing.

    According to several accounts, food was also found in the mouths of the frozen mammoths. This food, consisting mainly of buttercups, had been cropped but not chewed or swallowed. The buttercup froze so rapidly that it still had the imprints of the mammoths molars. Despite its elasticity, the buttercup did not have time to revert back to its initial shape after the mammoth died.

    For biology applications, the key idea of flash freezing is to drop temperature fast enough so large ice crystals can not form and damage the cells that would otherwise burst or be punctured by the sharp-edge ice crystals that form.

    This is exactly what was revealed as the result of a detailed analysis of the cellular samples extracted from the woolly mammoths
    "The flesh of many of the animals found in the muck must have been very rapidly and deeply frozen, for its cells [had] not burst. Frozen-food experts have pointed out that to do this, starting with a healthy, live specimen, you would have to drop the temperature of the air surrounding it to a point well below minus 150 degrees Fahrenheit."

    Ivan T. Sanderson, Riddle of the Frozen Giants, Saturday Evening Post, 16 January 1960, p. 82.

    The frozen mammoth found in Lyakhovsky

    In 2013, a female mammoth in pristine condition was found in the Lyakhovsky Islands in Siberia. Interestingly, when scientists poked at the mammoth's frozen remains with an ice pick, blood started to flow.

    Given that blood starts to coagulate only a few minutes after death, this suggests that the woolly mammoths froze so quickly that their blood didn't have time to coagulate.

    According to experts, for this sudden freezing to occur inside the warm body (96.6°F for elephants) of woolly mammoths who had a thick layer of fat and hair, they would have to be subjected to extremely low temperatures: -175F (-100°C).

    If we posit that temperature in Siberia , which was under a temperate climate at the time, was about 60F, it means that the temperature dropped from +60F to -175, that is a 235F (130°C) temperature drop within a few hours.

    Has such a severe drop in temperature ever occurred in recorded history?

    Recorded cases of sudden cooling on our planet.

    First, let's check historical records to see if recent history ever witnessed such a severe cooling.

    On 11/11/11 an exceptional thunderstorm located over the U.S. MidWest caused a drop of 69F (from 80 to 11) in 14 hours. This is the steepest recorded temperature drop. Yet this record drop in temperature pales in comparison to what happened to the mammoths both in terms of scope and temperature magnitude.

    The current record low temperature is -89C (-128F) measured in Vostok station. In addition, Vostok is located close to the center of Antartica (South Pole) that experiences 6 month-long winter nights and subsequent freezing temperatures. This is not a temperate region like the one the mammoths inhabited.


    Wind chill table

    Notice that while -150F is required to flash freeze a mammoth, a higher temperature could achieve the same result if sufficient wind was generated.

    This phenomenon is called 'wind chill'. For example, an air temperature of -60C combined with 110 km/h (55mph) winds leads to a heat loss equivalent to -100C, i.e. the temperature required to flash freeze mammoths and other animals (see wind chill table on the right).

    While -100C or even -60C cannot be found on Earth's surface especially in temperate regions, this is a fairly common occurrence just a few miles above our heads.


    The tropopause and the atmospheric temperature depending on elevation

    At 7 miles altitude (roughly the elevation of Mount Everest) average temperatures vary between -50C and -80C. The 7 miles altitude marks the [boundary] where the upper limit of the troposphere and the lower limit of the stratosphere meet. This boundary is called the 'tropopause'.

    The problem is that the tropopause forms an almost unbreachable boundary. A very small number of documented events triggered a breach of the tropopause:
    superderecho (super-storm), giant smoke clouds triggered by massive fires (pyrocumulo nimbus) and major volcanic eruptions.
    However, such events are local and can't account for the flash freezing of the whole Siberian region along with part of Alaska and the Yukon.

    So what could have carried the freezing upper atmosphere air down onto a vast region of the planet?
    Comets and asteroids.
    While it seems counter-intuitive that the impact of an asteroid could cause massive cooling on the surface of our planet, after all, when entering the atmosphere rocks heat up and on reaching the surface of the planet will spread fire and heat. That is true, but is it the whole story?


    Analysis of an oblique asteroid impact. Density distributions are shown. The plume expands outside the wake in an oblique impact.

    Atmospheric ablation induced by a cometary impact
    Until recently, asteroids were solely considered as the harbingers of fire and scorching heat. However, in 1983, researcher Cameron came up with the concept of asteroid-induced atmospheric erosion.

    When large and fast enough, an asteroid can obliterate part of the Earth's atmosphere. At impact, the asteroid vaporizes (heat and pressure transform the asteroid into gases), as does a similar mass of the Earth's surface where the impact occurs.

    The ensuing hot gas plume can expand faster than escape velocity which is about 11.2 km/s on Earth. For comparison the typical speed of asteroids in space is about 30 km/s. The escaping plume drives off the overlying air into space.

    Specifically the part of the atmosphere that will be carried up into space along with the hot gas plume is shaped like a cone. It is known as the 'cone' of atmospheric erosion.


    Impact erosion of the Earth's atmosphere

    The shape of this cone will depend the size of the asteroid, its density, its speed and its angle relative to the Earth's surface.


    Water backdrop on top of a water plume

    To understand better atmospheric erosion, let's look at an analogous phenomenon that we are familiar with, it is called 'water backdrop'.

    When you drop an object in water, you'll sometimes witness water moving upwards from the location were the object impacted the water. The water acts like a spring and recoils upwards, this recoil can take the form of a water plume and/or water drops.

    In a similar way after the impact of an asteroid, matter and gases will move upwards because of the recoil effect boosted by the rising ambient heat.

    But, unlike the water drop, it won't fall back down because the speed of the rising material exceeds escape velocity, that is the velocity required to escape the gravity of the planet, like a space rocket for example.

    The drawing below is inspired from the work of Russian volcanologist V. Shuvalov, who calculated the effects of cometary/asteroid bombardments in terms of atmospheric erosion.

    However, the cases Shuvalov studied are limited to bodies that are smaller and exhibit a greater impact angle than the cometary fragments that hit Hudson Bay 12900 years ago. I've tried to apply Shuvalov's analysis to the Hudson object posited by Firestone:


    Impact of a 50-mile diameter cometary fragment at 15° angle

    The cometary fragment (orange ball) is estimated to be 50 miles (80 km) in diameter and entered the atmosphere from the North at a low angle (about 15°) as depicted by the orange line.

    At impact, the cometary fragment created a substantial but shallow primary crater about 300 miles in diameter (black crater) and a massive plume (red in the drawing) that will, in turn, create debris-induced secondary craters (the Carolina Bays for example).

    Notice the cone of atmospheric ablation, which is the turquoise area, below the blue dotted line (upper boundary of the atmosphere before ablation). The diameter of the cone at ground level is about 700 miles (1000 km) in diameter. The non-ablated part of the atmosphere is the dark blue area visible on the left and on the right of the drawing.

    Of course, one single drawing doesn't convey the magnitude of the forces and dynamics that are likely present during such an impact, so allow me to explain further:
    - At first the atmosphere around the cometary body is accelerated through friction (see blue arrow along the orange wake), it is similar to the wind you feel when standing by a car that passes nearby.

    - At impact, the powerful wind created along the wake combines with the massive stream of super-hot gases and vaporized material, part of it reaches escape velocity and flies out into space in a massive updraft (see red arrow in the drawing) carrying with it a large chunk of Earth's atmosphere (red ejecta). Meanwhile, the slowest ejecta falls back on Earth's surface (black and red ejecta)

    - For a short period after the impact the ablation zone is a void of space emptiness (turquoise area). For reference, the temperature of outer space is -270.5°C or -455F while the temperature of space near the Earth is 10.17°C or 50.3F.


    Temperature of the atmospheric layers

    - The vacuum is followed by a downdraft equally powerful to the updraft that preceded it. Super-cooled air violently refills the void.
    This downdraft consists of air mostly located in the various layers of the upper atmosphere. Because higher atmosphere is less dense, its molecules move faster.

    In the high atmosphere, the temperature is about -50C (-58F) average (see vertical blue line in the diagram on the right) but can be as low as -90C (-130F) just above the mesopause.

    The whole refilling process involves super-cooled air because the surrounding air when filling the vacuum will encounter a pressure drop.

    In addition, with part of the atmosphere having been ablated, the atmosphere as a whole loses volume and ends up being thinner which leads to an overall atmospheric pressure drop (decrease in the height of the atmospheric column).

    Depression does cool gases: you have an example when you use an air spray to clean your keyboard: while the pressure in the can drops, the air gets colder and colder..

    When combined together, the three atmospheric features listed above: tornado speed winds, cold air inflow from the upper atmosphere and super-cooling due to decompression may have led to truly unfathomable chill factors that could have easily flash frozen the woolly mammoths and numerous other animals.


    Permafrost distribution (Northern hemisphere)

    Now that we have an idea of how the woolly mammoths and friends got flash-frozen, the next question is, how did they remain frozen.

    To remain frozen, they would have had to remain in an environment where temperatures stayed below 0°C (-32F). Aside from the ice sheets, such conditions on earth occur only in the permafrost which is found in mountains at high altitude or at high latitude (60° or more).

    But Northern Siberia doesn't feature any high mountains and its latitude, at the time, was about 40° North. This means that Siberia experienced well above freezing temperatures most of the year.

    To explain how the mammoths remained frozen for about 13,000 years, we must introduce the notion of wandering geographic poles (not the human kind).

    [...]

    Full article: https://www.sott.net/article/357709-...c-Catastrophes


    Related:
    Meteorite storm 'smashed the Earth 12,000 years ago and killed off a prehistoric people'
    Last edited by Hervé; 29th July 2017 at 15:36.
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Now for the keystone that holds together the whole structure/explanation/theory very firmly in place.

    To avoid confusion, a word about "geographic poles": these are the locations of Earth's meridians' intersections which are made to coincide with the earth's rotational axis poles and determine the current longitude and latitude of the earth's grid and, usually, are located at the center of the ice caps.

    Accordingly, documented paleo-ice-caps define former location of paleogeographical poles and, reciprocally, the drift of the continental crust with respect to current earth's rotational axis taken as a fixed reference due to earth's enormous gyroscopic momentum.

    ---------------------------------------------

    Wandering Geographic Poles

    It is commonly believed that the geographical pole has always been in the same present location. However, data prove that this is not the case. The location of the geographic pole has changed a lot even in recent times.

    Some of the best evidence that the geographic poles have changed location is coral. Reef coral require a minimum water temperature of 68°F. However geologic analysis reveal the presence of coral in some of today's coldest areas:
    "In the Carboniferous formation we again meet with plant remains and beds of true coal in the Arctic regions. Lepidodendrons and calamites, together with large spreading ferns, are found at Spitzbergen, and at Bear Island in the extreme north of Eastern Siberia; while marine deposits of the same age contain an abundance of large stony corals" (435:202).

    - C. Hapgood, The path to the poles, p.159
    For decades, Chinese oceanographer Ting Ying Ma studied coral and managed to establish the positions of the ancient corral-lines which more or less coincide with the equator line. Ma's coral-lines/equator lines run in all directions, one even crosses the Arctic Ocean.


    The coral line during the Silurian epoch (about 430 million years ago)

    Some old coral is found very far from the current equatorial region. Ancient coral colonies have also been found in Ellesmere Island, within the Arctic Circle

    Another way to know the past location of the geographic poles is called paleomagnetism. It is based on the analysis of the direction of iron particles in rocks like magnetite or hematite.

    When these rocks form while solidifying from a liquid phase (volcanic eruption for example), the magnetized iron in the molten rocks act as compasses and solidify in a position that lines up with the earth's magnetic field.

    Not only do these iron particles indicate the direction of north at some time in the past, but because of their vertical dip they also indicate how far away the pole is (i.e. the latitude). The closer to the pole the iron particle is, the less vertically tilted it will be.


    Locations of the geographic pole since the Precambrian

    One problem with this method is the fact that the magnetic pole also wanders. However, over a period of a few thousand years the magnetic pole returns to its original position, and the average position of the magnetic pole over the whole period coincides with the earth's axis of rotation. Therefore for paleomagnetism to reliably reveal the position of the geographic pole, samples over a long enough period of time have to be collected. That's the reason why lava flows are so valuable, eruption after eruption they stack over each other while each lava flow indicates the location of the pole at the time on an eruption.

    Charles Hapgood compiled the locations of the geographic poles over the ages and his results were unexpected. For example, during the pleistocene - the epoch that lasted from about 2,588,000 years ago and ended with the Younger Dryas - the geographic pole occupied 15 different locations.

    From the Precambrian epoch until now, (about 100 millions years), Hapgood identified a grand total of 229 different locations for the geographic poles.

    Now that we know that the location of the geographic poles is not as fixed as we might have thought, let's try to determine where the geographic poles were located before the impacts in question.


    The Northern ice sheet (c. 13000 BP)

    Location of the Geographic North Pole Before Impact.

    Geology provides a robust method to determine the past location of ice caps and as a result, the past location of the geographic poles (the pole being roughly at the center of the ice cap).

    Indeed, the edges of the ice cap are set in motion by the pressure of the ice behind them and start their scouring action, striating the bed rock of the continent over which the ice cap expanded.

    Geological studies indicate that during the last phase of the pleistocene (17000 to 13000 BP), the Laurentide ice sheet was centered around Hudson Bay (see map on the right).

    The Laurentide ice sheet represented most of the Northern ice cap which covered almost all of Canada, Greenland (except its coast) and a small fraction of Northern Europe. All the rest of the Northern hemisphere including the Arctic ocean, Alaska, Siberia and part of the Yukon were ice free.

    As noticed by Hapgood, the Laurentine ice sheet was similar both in size and shape to the present arctic ice sheet:
    "The first line of evidence that the last North American ice cap was a polar ice cap is based on the shape, size, and peculiar geographical location of the ice sheet. Two geologists, Kelly and Dachille, have pointed out that the area occupied by the ice was similar both in shape and size to the present Arctic Circle. Many others have remarked on its unnatural location. It seems to have occupied the northeastern rather than the northern half of the continent. No one has explained why the ice cap, which extended southward as far as Ohio, did not cover some of the northern islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, islands lying between Hudson Bay and the pole or why it failed to cover the Yukon District of Canada or the northern part of Greenland. Later we shall examine a considerable amount of evidence indicating that the Arctic Ocean itself was warm during the ice age."

    C. Hapgood, The path to the Poles, P. 216

    Location of the Ross sea. The green dot indicates the antipodes of Hudson Bay.

    The above strongly suggests that before the Younger Dryas, the North geographic pole was located around Hudson Bay which is about 60° North, that is 30 degrees in longitude away from the current North pole.

    But the peculiar Laurentide ice sheet is not the only evidence we have. The study of fossils provides a very good idea of what kind of plants and animals lived in different locations of the planet right before the Younger Dryas. This research tends to confirm that, at the end of the Pleistocene, the North pole was located in Hudson Bay.

    Indeed, before the Younger Dryas, the Arctic ocean was a temperate ocean (as indicated by the presence of Foramainifera in sea cores), Siberia was a temperate regions as indicated by human remains, entire forests and temperate flora. Japan was warmer than today as indicated by flora that grows in temperate climate and by the corals of Okinawa.

    Another piece of evidence comes from Antarctica. A geographic North pole located around Hudson Bay would place the geographic South Pole about seven times farther away from the Ross Sea in Antarctica than it is now. Therefore, the Ross Sea should not have been glaciated at the end of the Pleistocene (c. 13000BP).

    This is exactly what sea cores revealed with layers of fine sediment typical of temperate climates. This fine sediment is carried by rivers from ice-free continents. Interestingly, if the North pole was located in Hudson prior to the Younger Dryas, it would explain two mysteries that have puzzled many experts.


    Alignment of the Avenue of the Dead in Teotihuacan with Hudson Bay

    First, the awkward orientation of Stonehenge and Teotihuacan. The main axis of these two sites points roughly towards the North, but not exactly (Teotihuacan is 15° off while Stonehenge is about 40° off).

    However both point directly towards Hudson Bay. One might wonder if Stonehenge and Teotihuacan were built prior to the Younger Dryas and aligned with the North-South axis of the time.

    Second, the ancient maps which represent an ice-free Antartica. A group of ancient maps, called "maps of the ancient sea kings" was published in 1531 by the French geographer Oronce Fine, but the maps were far more ancient than 1531. Apparently they were drawn by some very ancient people then preserved by some past civilizations (Greeks, Phoenicians...), and finally discovered by Fine.

    The truly astounding features of these maps is that they depict a completely un-glaciated Antarctic continent. Remember that at the time of the discovery (1531) Antarctica was not even known.


    One of the Oronce Fine's maps showing an ice-free Antarctica

    At first the maps were dismissed, but when scientists started to map the Antarctic continent they found that the ancient maps were too accurate to be the result of random chance:
    "In several years of research, the projection of this ancient map was worked out. It was found to have been drawn on a sophisticated map projection, with the use of spherical trigonometry, and to be so scientific that over fifty locations on the Antarctic continent have been found to be located on it with an accuracy that was not attained by modern cartographic science until the nineteenth century."

    C. Hapgood, The path to the poles, p. 258
    The above evidence strongly suggests that, about 13000 years ago, the geographic North pole was located around Hudson Bay, which is about 60° N, or 30° away from the current North pole.

    This would have placed Northern Siberia at 40° degrees of latitude North (the current longitude of Northern Siberia is 70° to which we subtract 30° leads to 40° N).

    40°N is the current latitude of Spain, Greece, Italy, California and Nevada. It is a latitude typical of temperate climate. It is under this temperate latitude that the woolly mammoths lived, but it's not under this latitude that their corpses were preserved frozen.

    The cometary bombardment had dramatic effects for our planet including the location of its geographic poles. Now let's look at how it happened.


    Earth's internal structure

    Crustal slippage
    We consider our planet as a solid piece of rock because all we see is its surface made of solid rock (mountains, deserts, ocean floors, etc). However solid rock is only a tiny part of planet Earth, a thin layer (called 'crust' or ' lithosphere') that is less than 100 km (60 miles) thick.

    Beyond the crust is the mantle, a thick layer of magma with an average thickness of 2,886 kilometres (1,793 miles). While the lower part of the mantle behaves like a solid because of the tremendous pressures that bind the the molten material together, the upper mantle, also known as the asthenosphere, which is both hot and under relatively little pressure, exhibits a low viscosity and has the mechanical properties of a semi- fluid.

    Those fluid properties are particularly present in a specific layer of the asthenosphere:
    "It seems that such a layer has been discovered in the asthenosphere at a depth of about 100 miles. According to the Soviet geophysicist V. V. Beloussov, chemical processes at this depth, made possible by change of phase, are changing heavier into lighter rock, thus causing gravitational instability as the lighter rock tries to rise to the surface. Beloussov has named this the "wave-guide layer." Observations by the American geophysicist Frank Press are in general agreement. Press finds (from satellite observations) that this layer is a very liquid one. It seems that if the earth's outer shell does slide as a unit over the interior, this is the most likely level at which the movement can occur."

    Charles Hapgood, The path to the poles, p.119
    So, from a mechanical perspective the crust is relatively similar to an iceberg floating on the ocean (the low viscosity asthenosphere). The low viscosity of the mantle explains why continents keep on drifting. It also suggests that it takes far less mechanical force to shift the crust relative to the mantle than to shift the whole planet.

    Shifting the whole planet (crust, mantle and core) would require enormous forces. When one enters the data relative to the asteroids posited by Firestone (about 50 miles in diameter) in an asteroid impact simulator, the energy of Firestone's cometary fragment is way too low to have induced a change in the orbit, the spin rate or the tilt of the whole planet. Such an object could not budge our planet which, comparatively, carries way too much momentum.


    Mechanical simulation of an asteroid induced crustal slippage

    For comparison, the estimated mass of Earth is about 6X1024 kg while the mass of an 100-mile diameter asteroid is about 1.2X1018 kg. The Earth is therefore about 5 million times heavier than the cometary fragment.

    However, the low viscosity of the upper mantle, might have allowed such impacts to slip the crust relative to the mantle, particularly if the incoming asteroids exhibited a low angle (i.e. close to being tangential relative to Earth's surface) which seems to be the case for the cometary fragments posited by Firestone. The picture on the right shows the physics around an asteroid induced crustal slippage. The whole reasoning can be found here.

    According to Charles Hapgood, the cometary bombardment slipped the crust by about 30° and the geographic poles moved to their current location. For Italian engineer Flavio Barbiero, the crust slipped by about 20° degrees.

    Hapgood and Barbiero might be close to the truth. In any case, the slippage must have been greater than 20° in order to shift Siberia into the permafrost region (latitude greater than 60°N) and allow the mammoths to remain frozen.

    At this point we have a good idea of how the mammoths may have been flash-frozen and how they remained frozen (crustal slippage moving the North pole closer to Siberia). However the corpses of the mammoths revealed several other puzzling pieces of evidence.

    [...]

    Full article: https://www.sott.net/article/357709-...c-Catastrophes

    =========================================

    Accordingly, the earth's crust suffered a N-S 30° shift in a blink of an eye by decoupling from the mantle in a similar way as hydraulic clutch and gear shifting occurs in motor vehicles... I have a hard time envisioning the size of the tsunami waves such generated and sloshing over any E-W orientated coast lines...

    As an aside, the above handed me a closure to something I have had in the back of my mind for over 30 years due to an encounter, way up North, beyond the Arctic Circle, on Axel Heiberg Island (next to Ellesmere Island). That's as close to the North Pole one can get on solid ground and where I exclaimed:

    "What the F**k are these doing here!?!"

    "these" = coal/charcoal seams of recent geological time... where all that one can see around is tundra.

    Last edited by Hervé; 29th July 2017 at 20:14.
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    I might as well continue to the end of Pierre Lescaudron's article.

    I must say that Pierre Lescaudron did a hell of an excellent homework job that manages to tie most - if not all - of the loose ends that could have been thrown at the theory.

    -----------------------------------------------

    The Coroner's Verdict


    The Berezovka mammoth

    Since 1800, at least 11 scientific expeditions have excavated frozen mammoths. Most of them were found in Northern Siberia along with other mammals: ox, wolverine, voles, squirrels, bison, rabbit and lynx.

    The Berezovka Mammoth is probably the most famous one. It was found frozen along the Berezovka river (hence its name) in a near perfect state of preservation.

    Only part of his trunk and his head had to be reconstructed because they were not embedded in ice and were consequently eaten by predators.

    It is displayed in the Zoological Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, in the struggling position in which he was found near the Berezovka River, just inside the Arctic Circle.

    The pristine state of the frozen mammoths allowed scientists to extract a lot of information about the mammoths per se and about their cause of death.

    Actually, the mammoths are so well preserved that some scientists are attempting to use mammoth DNA in order splice it with Asian elephants to reintroduce the extinct woolly mammoth.

    Coroners who examined many mammoths found the same features in a number of them:
    - fractures: the Berezovka mammoth had numerous broken bones including several ribs, shoulder blade and pelvis.

    - dirt: found in the lungs and digestive tracks of the frozen mammoths.
    It should be noted that the only cause of death that could be definitely established was suffocation. At least three mammoths and two rhinoceroses suffocated. No other cause of death has been established for the remaining woolly mammoths. Vollosovitch concluded that his second buried mammoth, found with a penile erection on Bolshoi Lyakhov Island, had suffocated. One mammoth named Dima was found to have pulmonary alveoli suggesting death by asphyxia after great exertion just before death. The Pallas rhinoceros also showed symptoms of asphyxiation.
    -Yedomas: these are mounts (30 to 260 feet tall) made of soil mixed with thick veins of ice. Yedoma is widespread in Siberia (Fig. 1), where the total area of its occurrence is about 1 million km2. Yedomas are very rich in carbon and they are literally filled with dead trees and dead animals. For example the 'mammoth cemetery' is a yedoma contained the corpses of not less than 156 mammoths. The soil constituting the yedomas is called 'loess', which is basically wind blown silt (i.e. eolian sediment).


    Cross section of a yedoma exposed by river erosion

    - Upright position: 112 mammoths, including the Berevoska one, were found in an upright position.
    Now that we know the features of the cometary bombardment and the evidence found by the mammoths' coroners, we can attempt to combine them and reconstruct the catastrophic timeline that sealed the tragic fate of these creatures.

    Each location experienced its own variation on the disaster theme. Describing each combination of effects experienced in each part of the globe would be too tedious and, after all, our main topic is the woolly mammoths. So, in the following, we will focus on the sequence of events that occurred in Siberia and led to the demise of the woolly mammoths.

    The Tragic Fate of the Woolly Mammoths
    As indicated by the discovery of the ripe fruits of sedge, grasses, and other plants in the stomach of mammoths, the action takes place in the middle of summer, in a temperate and lush Northern Siberia forest, about 12900 years ago.


    Chelyabinsk meteor flash

    First, a new star appeared in the night sky, then it grew in magnitude. It became visible in daytime and eventually it outshone the sun, both in brightness and size.

    A few minutes before impact, the 'second Sun' separated into at least 5 majors parts and many minor ones which crossed the sky above Siberia and followed their trajectory towards the North before disappearing beyond the horizon (traveling at about 35 km/s).

    The sky was streaked with the fiery wakes of thousands of small fragments that disintegrated in the atmosphere. A sudden wind triggered by the wake of the major cometary fragments started to blow up dirt from the ground and shake the surrounding trees.

    Powered by the air depressions created by the wakes, the wind grew in force, the air became filled with dust, the mammoths braced themselves against the wind as they raised their heads and opened their mouth, gasping for some dust-free air.

    The impact itself lit up the Northern horizon, the prolonged flash of light was blinding. The updraft plume threw a massive chunk of heated atmosphere into space. The pressure dropped suddenly, bringing down the atmospheric temperature and for a few seconds the mammoths were exposed to the glacial void of space, and the flash freezing began. Some mammoths died at this point from suffocation.

    This freezing in a vacuum might explain a very peculiar 'oxygen free' ice that was found underneath the frozen mammoths:
    "Deeper down in the cliff the ice becomes more solid and transparent, in some places entirely white and brittle. After remaining exposed to the air even for a short time this ice again assumes a yellowish-brown color and then looks like the old ice."

    Obviously, something in the air (probably oxygen) reacted chemically with something in the ice. - Why was air (primarily oxygen and nitrogen) not already dissolved in the ice? - Just as liquid water dissolves table salt, sugar, and many other solids, water also dissolves gases in contact with it. - For example, virtually all water and ice on earth are nearly saturated with air. - Had air been dissolved in Herz's rock ice before it suddenly turned yellowish-brown, the chemical reaction would have already occurred.

    Mark A. Krzos, Frozen Mammoths
    Then hurricane force winds started blowing super-cooled air toward the impact zone to refill the vacuum. This supernatural freezing wind lasted for hours. If the cone of ablation was 400 km in radius, hurricane force winds (200 km/h) would blow for two hours to refill the void. It froze the mammoths and many other creatures to the core.

    While some mammoths remained frozen to the ground in their upright position, others were blown away and/or bombarded with flying/drifting debris (trees, boulders), this might explain the numerous broken bones found during the autopsies.

    Along with this freezing wave, Siberia was inundated with unprecedented rainfall. The two main ingredients for precipitation are cooling and dust. The cooling leads to condensation (atmospheric water vapor transforming into liquid water) and the atmospheric dust acts as nucleation agents around which rain droplets form.

    The magnitude of the cooling and the quantity of atmospheric dirt-saturated air led to torrential rainfall. In Siberia, where the cooling was the most severe, it was an even more severe deluge made of hail and snow.

    Because of the quantity of dust, soot, dirt and sediments in the atmosphere, the falling hail and snow were very dirty and dumped on Siberia exceptional quantities of frozen water soot and sediment.

    Albedo loop and volcanic activity

    The sheets of dirty rain, hail and snow would have stopped after a few days once atmospheric dust and water vapor were removed from the atmosphere by precipitation, but it continued because atmospheric dust and water kept being supplied by the ongoing ground and underwater volcanic eruptions triggered by the impact and the crustal slippage.

    On top of this, the cooling was sustained and even worsened by an "albedo loop" where an increasing part of the planet surface was covered with snow and ice which reflected more and more of the little sunlight that managed to penetrate the dusty atmosphere, which led to further cooling that created more ice and snow.

    The diagram on the right describes the albedo loop and how sustained volcanic activity powered and worsened the whole dynamic.

    In the above we have used mainstream concepts (dust, rain condensation, cooling) to explain the weather effects of the bombardment. However electricity also plays a major role, particularly when atmospheric dust is involved.

    The role played by electricity in weather phenomena has been thoroughly covered in our book Earth Changes and the Human-Cosmic Connection. Below is a very quick summary of the influence of electric charges and atmospheric dust on precipitation.


    Influence of electric field on the size of water drops © Bounds


    In fair weather conditions, electrons on the surface of Earth are attracted by the positively charged ionosphere. If there is dust in the atmosphere the free circulation of electrons is hindered and electrons are captured by the atmospheric dust creating negatively charged areas in the atmosphere.

    Those local atmospheric electric charges are what ultimately power hurricanes with their associated precipitation and lightning which are charge-balancing phenomena that bring electrons back to the Earth's surface. In addition, electric charges catalyze the accretion of water droplets.

    The event generated numerous and massive sources of atmospheric dust (impacts, volcanic eruptions, giant forest fires triggered by the plume and the ejecta and tornado speed winds). In addition, the atmospheric dust coming from the cometary fragments was very positively charged.

    The positively charged cometary fragments themselves disrupted the atmospheric electrical field (between the Earth surface and the ionosphere) which is the driver of chaotic weather.

    Under relatively normal conditions, precipitation can be more than 70 inches (almost 2 meters) over 24 hours, so we can start to imagine the kind of precipitation induced by the unique combination of factors listed above (dust saturated atmosphere, electrically charged dust and disrupted atmospheric electrical field)


    Yedoma geographic distribution

    Precipitation carried tons of atmospheric dust down to earth and might well be the cause for the yedoma, which are basically an accumulation of wind blown sediment and frozen water.

    This layer of wind blown sediment must have covered many parts of the Northern hemisphere. But it is only found today in parts of Siberia and Alaska because those regions are covered by permafrost that held the ice complex/yedoma together and prevented water erosion (rain and rivers) from washing it away into the oceans.

    It was a truly apocalyptic scenario that is difficult to fathom. Perhaps the closest comparison would be a months-long glacial giant hurricane generating incredible winds, mountains of dirty hail and snow, flying trees and animals, rolling boulders with never ending volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in the background.

    Tsunamis were, of course, also part of the picture. At the time however, the sea level was 80 meters lower than it is today. So evidence for tsunamis is scarce.

    The Hudson impactor must have been a major cause for tsunamis. It directly hit the 2-mile thick ice cap and projected thousands of cubic miles of ice onto the Atlantic oceani. This massive amount of ice released into the ocean is accounted for by the 6 meter rise in ocean level.
    "Reconstruction of the glacial melt history finds major northward melt-water discharge 13,100-12,500 years ago, at the beginning of the Younger Dryas. The outflow entered the Arctic Ocean, via the Mackenzie River, Fram Strait, and ultimately reached the eastern North Atlantic.'

    Geomorphological data, on the other hand, suggest that still blocked routes to the north and east toward the St. Lawrence Seaway until the end of the Younger Dryas. Sea level curves from Tahiti, New Guinea, and Barbados show a small step (under 6 meters) around 13,000 years ago near the Younger Dryas onset, which may have come from this deluge."

    Vivien Gornitz, Rising Seas: Past, Present, Future, p.127
    When contemplating the catastrophe described above, one can't help being reminded of the 'mythical' Great Deluge, the 40 days of rain that faced Noah and which wiped out most of humanity, according to the Bible.

    Actually, the Bible is far from being the only tradition that tells of a great deluge. In 500 cultures spanning all continents, researcher Douglas Eddinger found that about 90% of them included the account of a great deluge.


    Excerpt from the table listing the features of traditional accounts © Eddinger


    Conclusion:

    While researching the topic of the frozen mammoths, I discovered an unexpected anomaly. The Younger Dryas was a 1400-year global cooling period (see red curve on the right) which led to an increase in the size of ice sheets.


    Sea level VS global temperature (20000BP-Now)

    However during the same time (13000BP-11500BP) sea levels rose by about 20 meters (from -70 to -50m).

    Cooling usually means an increase in ice sheet size that leads to a drop in sea level (the sea water being transformed into ice). Yet during the Younger Dryas, the exact opposite happened.

    Where did all this extra water come from?

    One possibility is an extraterrestrial inflow: planet Mars might have been closer than usual to planet Earth at the time, and through electrogravitation, Earth might have 'stolen' water that is today said to be 'missing' from Mars.

    That would explain the sudden rise of sea levels on Earth (despite the Younger Dryas cooling) and the fact that nowadays Mars is a dry planet despite plenty of evidence showing that in the past it had vast water systems. But there are enough outlandish claims in this article already (cometary bombardments, atmosphere ablation, flash freezing, crustal slippage) without delving into another rather controversial topic.

    Whether Earth interacted with Mars or not, it is clear that the Younger Dryas period was marked by serious catastrophes. The woolly mammoths and the Clovis people were the tragic witnesses to a major cosmic event that deeply transformed our planet about 13,000 years ago.

    This event is a serious thorn in the side of uniformitarians who, despite copious evidence, still deny the facts before them. The insistence on clinging to a uniformitarian dogma that has proven to be false can be found in the very foundation of politics and power, as mentioned in ECHCC:
    "The legitimacy of the ruling class - in whatever political form it may take - is based on the illusion that they can protect the people, whether from war, famine, economic hardship, or any other kind of disaster that disrupts the everyday routine of their lives and livelihood. ...

    By attributing the cause of these cosmically-induced events to humans, the elites maintain the illusion that they are, at least to some degree, in control; if they are causing it, then theoretically, at least, they could stop it."

    P. Lescaudron & L. Knight Jadczyk, Earth Changes and the Human-Cosmic Connection, p.
    If even a smaller version of the Younger Dryas cometary bombardment happens during our time, I would be curious to see how the elites react, if indeed they survive to react at all. Will they acknowledge the fragile human condition and their total powerlessness in the face of cosmic forces? Or will they try to parlay the cosmically induced event into a human made catastrophe as they are currently doing with global warming and climate change?

    The 'Russia did it' meme has been working so well for Western power brokers lately that the temptation to use it in such a critical context might prove too much for them. I can almost see the CNN headline: 'Mad, Bad Vlad, already the source of all trouble on the globe, pressed the button and made it explode'.


    Putin did it! He pressed the button!

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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Quote Posted by Hervé (here)
    I might as well continue to the end of Pierre Lescaudron's article.

    I must say that Pierre Lescaudron did a hell of an excellent homework job that manages to tie most - if not all - of the loose ends that could have been thrown at the theory.
    Yes - most excellent - thanks for posting all this!
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Expectation management...

    Click image for larger version

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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Prepare to have your mind blown....





    Earth geology is primarily a study of incremental processes over eons of time. Volcanoes, earthquakes, weathering and erosion are the forces that geologists theorize as having shaped our planet’s land forms and surfaces. But the Electric Universe is opening new theoretical pathways for understanding our Earth, and all planets and moons. In the Electric Universe theory as proposed by the chief principals of The Thunderbolts Project, in a relatively recent period of chaos in the inner solar system, interplanetary electrical discharges shaped the surfaces of the planets, including the Earth. What evidence do see we of these events on our planet? In this Space News, Thunderblog author and colleague Andrew Hall begins the first of a three-part presentation on revolutionary concepts of Electric Universe geology.

    https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/201...-blast-part-1/



    More..

    Last edited by Spiral; 12th August 2017 at 14:05.

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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Mission accomplished....mind blown!!

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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Thunderbolts Space News: Electric Comets

    Thunderbolts Project YouTube
    Thu, 24 Aug 2017 07:16 UTC


    © YouTube/Thunderbolts Project (screen capture)

    In our previous episode, we began a commemoration of the 5-year anniversary of Space News from the EU with a comprehensive summary of the most significant findings to date from comet missions. Today, we continue our commemoration with a review of the some of the most dramatic and "surprising" comet displays, all of which point to the electrical nature of cometary phenomena.

    Previous episode: Space News Anniversary: Comet Missions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_ZX6...
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Evidence suggest a collision and several close encounters with comets in the last 2000 years

    Malaga Bay
    Fri, 15 Sep 2017 01:06 UTC

    If you have long suspected the mainstream is being less than honest [or simply delusional] when they describe Comets as "dirty snowballs" or [more recently] "icy dirtballs" then you might be interested to discover Close Cometary Encounters are associated with sudden spikes in the level of Thorium 232.
    Cometary nuclei are composed of an amalgamation of rock, dust, water ice, and frozen gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and ammonia.

    As such, they are popularly described as "dirty snowballs" after Fred Whipple's model.

    However, some comets may have a higher dust content, leading them to be called "icy dirtballs".

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet
    Dangerous Close Cometary Encounters occur when:

    a) Comets collide with the Earth.
    b) Comets pass directly between the Earth and the Sun.

    In the second case the alignment exposes the Earth to a potential Cometary Double-Tap whereby:

    1) The "gas tail" of the Comet is delivered directly into the Earth's upper atmosphere.
    2) The "dust tail" of the Comet side-swipes the Earth with a debris train.
    Halley's Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 74-79 years... a coma, or atmosphere, up to 100,000 km across... a long tail, which may extend more than 100 million kilometers... Halley's nucleus is relatively small: barely 15 kilometers long, 8 kilometers wide and perhaps 8 kilometers thick.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley...nd_composition

    The evidence suggests a collision and several close encounters have occurred in the last 2,000 years.
    The Evidence
    The evidence for Atomic Comets originates in the Thorium 230 and [strangely spiky] Thorium 232 values found in a coral reef lagoon sediment core from the South China Sea.

    © Quaternary Science Reviews


    High-precision TIMS U-series and AMS 14 C Dating of a Coral Reef Lagoon Sediment Core from southern South China Sea K.-F. Yu et al. / Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006) 2420-2430 © Quaternary Science Reviews

    See: Thorium 230: Chinese Corals
    Overlaying the Thorium traces from the coral reef lagoon sediment core enables the Thorium 232 peaks to be dated [based upon pixel counting] from the top of the core [2004 CE] down to the Heinsohn Horizon [914 AD] because the sediment deposition rate is fairly steady.

    Overall, given the simplicity of the approach it's surprising to discover so many of the Thorium 232 spikes align with "known" Close Cometary Encounters.


    © Quaternary Science Reviews

    607 AD - Comet Halley Closest Approach: 13,463,808 km
    The precursor event to the Arabian Horizon appears to be have been a very close encounter with Comet Halley in 607 AD.

    See: Close Encounters of the Cometary Kind


    637 AD - Caesar's Comet
    The largest Thorium 232 peak aligns with the Arabian Horizon and this has been associated with the "seven-day visitation" of possibly the "brightest daylight comet in recorded history".

    It is thought Caesar's Comet "may have disintegrated" and this view is clearly supported by the evidence indicating debris from Caesar's Comet collided with Earth.

    © Classical Numismatic Group


    © Malaga Bay

    See Comet Halley and the Roman Time Line

    Caesar's Comet (numerical designation C/-43 K1) - also known as Comet Caesar and the Great Comet of 44 BC - was perhaps the most famous comet of antiquity.

    Its seven-day visitation was interpreted by Romans as a sign of the deification of recently assassinated dictator, Julius Caesar (100-44 BC).

    Caesar's Comet is one of only five comets known to have had a negative absolute magnitude and may have been the brightest daylight comet in recorded history.

    It was not periodic and may have disintegrated.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet
    912 AD - Comet Halley Closest Approach: 73,302,957 km
    The Heinsohn Horizon is associated a close encounter with Comet Halley near it's perihelion position in 912 AD when the comet's "gas tail" was directed towards Earth after which it's "dust tail" side-swiped the Earth.
    The Transit of Venus in 912 CE also suggests 912 CE was a very powerful alignment and that a Halley-Venus-Earth alignment could have emulated the conditions associated with Immanuel Velikovsky's "Comet Venus"....

    See: Close Encounters of the Cometary Kind

    1145 AD - Comet Halley Closest Approach: 41,887,404 km
    The Thorium 232 peak dated to 1140 AD is possibly associated with the return of Comet Halley in 1145 AD - see diagram above.

    1577 CE - Great Comet Closest Approach: 1,465,330 km
    The Great Comet of 1577 was another close encounter for the Earth with the comet passing within "230 semidiameters of the earth from the earth".
    The Great Comet of 1577 (official designation: C/1577 V1) was a comet that passed close to Earth during the year 1577 AD.

    It was viewed by people all over Europe, including the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe and Turkish astronomer Taqi ad-Din. From his observations of the comet, Brahe was able to discover that comets and similar objects travel above the Earth's atmosphere.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577


    © Tycho Brahe

    Tycho's reason for having taken great pains to investigate the parallax was that therein lay the entire knowledge of the place and characteristics of the comet.

    He saw from many observations with appropriate instruments, and thereafter found through the scientific demonstration of spherical triangles, that this comet was so far from us that its greatest horizontal parallax could not exceed 15′ and was more likely to be less.

    This he thought he had thoroughly shown from observations in his Latin work on this comet which he considered understandable by the masters.

    From this it followed, according to Tycho, by "geometrical distribution" that this comet was at least 230 semidiameters of the earth from the earth.

    The Comet of 1577 - C Doris Hellman - 1944
    https://archive.org/stream/TheCometO.../n129/mode/1up
    1861 CE - Great Comet Closest Approach: 19,840,000 km
    The uppermost spike in the Thorium 232 trace is associated with the Great Comet of 1861 which "interacted with the Earth in an almost unprecedented way".
    The Great Comet of 1861 formally designated C/1861 J1 and 1861 II, is a long-period comet that was visible to the naked eye for approximately 3 months.
    ...
    The comet may have interacted with the Earth in an almost unprecedented way.

    For two days, when the comet was at its closest, the Earth was actually within the comet's tail, and streams of cometary material converging towards the distant nucleus could be seen.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1861_J1


    © T W Webb
    Clearly, the evidence suggests the Atomic Comet is worthy of further investigation...
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    The comet that sparked a global flood 'Myth'

    Dennis Brooks Ancient Origins
    Tue, 21 Nov 2017 13:29 UTC



    It seems that Noah's Great Biblical Flood was caused by comet fragments striking the earth. Isaac Newton was the first one to come up with a theory connecting the flood to a comet strike, in 1680. According to an article at National Georgraphic.com , Newton declared that a comet had passed close to Earth thousands of years ago and came so close that it doused our world with water from its tail and exerted enough gravitational force to pull forth oceans from beneath our planet's crust.

    Now, a new theory provides evidence that backs up Newton's idea that a comet was involved. According to this theory, between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago, a comet entered the earth's atmosphere and broke up into thousands of pieces. Those fragments rained down fire and brimstone on the earth. Some of the fragments landed all over the world, including Europe and the Far East. It is estimated that over 500,000 fragments landed in north America alone.


    C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is a long-period comet discovered on 17 August 2014 by Terry Lovejoy. This photograph was taken from Tucson, Arizona, using a Sky-Watcher 100mm APO telescope and SBIG STL-11000M camera. © John Vermette/ CC BY SA 4.0


    Carolina Bays

    The craters and impressions left behind by the bombardments are now called Carolina Bays . They are found in North America along the Eastern Seaboard. Most of them are within the coastal states of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, and Nebraska. The people in Maryland refer to them as Maryland Basins.

    Fragments also landed in the Gulf of Mexico and in the country of Mexico. This comet strike, which can be called the Carolina Event, left behind evidence that scientists can use to determine when the event took place. This area still needs research! Researchers will have to excavate more of the craters and examine the different layers of sediment. This would be similar to the way we examine the rings of a tree to determine its age.


    Jones Lake State Park - this aerial clearly shows the mysterious shallow depressions called Carolina Bays

    Explaining a worldwide 'Myth'
    The comet fragments that landed in the oceans caused worldwide flooding. This included all the shores and islands of both oceans. Tsunami waves backed up all the rivers, leading to the oceans including those in the Americas, Africa, and Europe, destroying everyone in the area. This would explain why all cultures all over the world have a flood (myth) story to tell.


    The most deadly and disruptive floods would be talked about for years to come. Here Aztecs perform a ritual to appease the angry gods who had flooded their capital.

    Tsunami waves would have destroyed everything in the low-lying areas. This includes people on shorelines, in marshes, around bays, and in near shore valleys. The fragments that hit the Atlantic Ocean would have created a continuous wall of water going across the ocean. All the islands in the Atlantic Ocean would have been covered with water. Both The Canary Islands and Great Britain would have been under water, except for their mountains.


    ‘The Great Wave off Kanagawa’ (c.1830-1833) by Hokusai.

    Tsunami waves forced their way through the Strait of Gibraltar and flooded the Mediterranean Basin. The water going in filled up the basin because no water had time to come back out through the strait. As the basin overflowed, the water flooded towns, villages, and seaports. Sea-levels in the Mediterranean Basin got higher and higher until the runoff went out into the desert.

    The flood covered everything; including Alexandria, Beirut, Cairo, Egypt, Italy, and Jerusalem. When the floodwaters began to recede from the land, tons of trees, boats, ships, lumber, buildings, and bridges were carried back into the sea. This floating debris converged at the strait and clogged the opening with floating ships, boats, lumber, and trees. Floodwaters would have carried dead bodies, grass, mud, and silt to the dam and sealed it to prevent the flow of water back into the ocean. According to an article by ABC News, floodwater overfilled the Basin of the Black Sea. You can also read this in the research of Robert Ballard: "Evidence Noah's Biblical Flood Happened."


    The Great Flood (circa 1450)

    Marking the Giza Plateau
    When the flood water drained back into the Mediterranean Basin from the desert, it left behind fourteen feet (4.27 meters) of organic sediment around the pyramids on the Giza Plateau. This silt contains seashells and fossils that have been analyzed by scientists. While analyzing the silt, researchers found evidence that helped to determine the age of the event. Radiocarbon-dating found that the silt was 11,600 years old.

    Ballard was able to establish a timeline by carbon dating shells found along the shoreline, while looking for evidence of a catastrophic event. His finding shows that the Biblical Flood happened between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago.


    The Flood (Die Sintflut, Suendflut) by Lesser Ury.

    The water from the sea left a unique high water mark on the pyramid that stands the highest above sea level. Take a look at the walls of the three pyramids on the Plateau . The outside covering has been washed away from all of the pyramids except for the top part of the highest one above sea-level. That outside covering was washed away by floating flood debris, leaving only a cap. The cap now acts as the only high water mark showing the height of Noah's Flood. Judging from the cap on the pyramid, the water may have risen as high as 65 feet (19.81 meters) above sea level in the desert.


    The Giza-pyramids and Giza Necropolis, Egypt, seen from above

    Also, when one of the pyramids was first opened, incrustations of salt one inch (2.54 cm) thick were found inside it. When a chemical analysis was conducted on the salt, researchers found that it had a mineral content the same as salt from the ocean. This evidence indicates that the pyramids were swamped by water that came from the ocean. You may find a reference to this information on the website provided by Martin Gray .

    Also, according to Dr. Robert M. Schoch, erosion on the Sphinx could have only been caused by water. His research shows that the erosion took place about 11,700 years ago. This puts the timeframe of the Great flood in the same timeframe as the Carolina Event and the sediment around the pyramids. Find this reference at www.robertschoch.


    Giza Plateau - Great Sphinx - front view. © Daniel Mayer


    References
    Brooks, D. "Atlantis Pyramids Floods." www.amazon.com/-/e/B001KCZOWQ

    Strauss, M. "Why Newton Believed a Comet Caused Noah's Flood." https://news.nationalgeographic.com/...avity-science/

    Ballard, R. "Evidence Noah's Biblical Flood Happened, Says Robert Ballard" http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/evi...ry?id=17884533

    Gray, M. "The Great Pyramid of Giza." https://sacredsites.com/africa/egypt...d_of_giza.html

    Schoch, R. M. "The Official Website of Robert M. Schoch." www.robertschoch

    Zamora, A. "Origin of the Carolina Bays." http://www.scientificpsychic.com/etc...lina-bays.html


    Related:
    Carolina Bays: Solved
    Of Flash Frozen Mammoths and Cosmic Catastrophes
    Younger Dryas Sea Level Anomaly
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    Default Re: Bolides, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors And Falling Skies

    Scotland: Geologists discover 60-million-year-old meteorite strike and new mineral forms

    Phys.org
    Thu, 14 Dec 2017 00:00 UTC


    Site 1 is above the tree line in the mid-ground far side of Loch Slapin, Isle of Skye, Scotland © Simon Drake

    Geologists exploring volcanic rocks on Scotland's Isle of Skye found something out-of-this-world instead: ejecta from a previously unknown, 60 million-year-old meteorite impact. The discovery, the first meteorite impact described within the British Paleogene Igneous Province (BPIP), opens questions about the impact and its possible connection to Paleogene volcanic activity across the North Atlantic.

    Lead author Simon Drake, an associate lecturer in geology at Birkbeck University of London, zeroed in on a meter-thick layer at the base of a 60.0 million-year-old lava flow. "We thought it was an ignimbrite (a volcanic flow deposit)," says Drake. But when he and colleagues analyzed the rock using an electron microprobe, they discovered that it contained rare minerals straight from outer space: vanadium-rich and niobium-rich osbornite.


    Thin section view of meteoritic ejecta deposit site 1. Note fractured quartz and pervasive fabric. Field of view 4 mm XPolars. © Simon Drake

    These mineral forms have never been reported on Earth. They have, however, been collected by NASA's Stardust Comet Sample Return Mission as space dust in the wake of the Wild 2 comet. What's more, the osbornite is unmelted, suggesting that it was an original piece of the meteorite. The team also identified reidite, an extremely high pressure form of zircon which is only ever associated in nature with impacts, along with native iron and other exotic mineralogy linked to impacts such as barringerite.

    A second site, seven kilometers away, proved to be a two-meter-thick ejecta layer with the same strange mineralogy. The researchers pin the impact to sometime between 60 million and 61.4 million years ago (Ma), constrained by a 60 Ma radiometric age for the overlying lava flow, and 61.4 Ma for a basalt clast embedded within the ejecta layer. The team published their discovery in Geology this week.


    Recessed meteoritic ejecta layer site 1.1-m-thick deposit beneath thick sequence of basaltic lava flows. © Simon Drake

    The discovery opens many questions. Is the same ejecta layer found elsewhere in the BPIP? Where exactly did the meteorite hit? Could the impact have triggered the outpouring of lava that began at the same time, or be related to volcanism in the larger North Atlantic Igneous Province? So far, Drake has collected samples from another site on Skye that also yield strange mineralogy, including another mineral strikingly similar to one found in comet dust.

    Drake says he was surprised that the ejecta layer had not been identified before. After all, the Isle of Skye is famously well-trampled by geologists. The second site had not been sampled in years. As for the first site, Drake suspects the steep, rough, and very boggy terrain probably discouraged previous workers from sampling the layer. "We were sinking in up to our thighs. I distinctly recall saying to (co-author) Andy Beard, 'this had better be worth it.'" Now, says Drake, "It was worth it."
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