Nobel Prize For Physics 2020 - Black Holes

[Hermoor]

As good a listen as any to take a breather from the virus manure.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=8Qrj2LZAM-w

[Zirconian]

Bullseye,

Nassim Haramein.

Coming from a different perspective, one that I'm experiencing.

Hang on to your neurons...Theoretical Physicist Nassim Haramein takes us on a ride into black holes manifesting within us, how synchronicity works from a scientific perspective and the imminence of tapping into the Zero Point Field energy to transform our world from one end to the other.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=fN7lQnrVZ3s

Nassim Haramein has spent more than 30 years researching and discovering connections in physics, mathematics, geometry, cosmology, quantum mechanics, biology and chemistry as well as anthropology and archeology.

These studies led Haramein to groundbreaking theories, published papers and patented inventions in unified physics, which are now gaining worldwide recognition and acceptance.

Haramein’s findings are based on a fundamental geometric quantization of spacetime, formalizing a unification between the quantum scale and cosmological-sized objects, including the universe itself. Haramein's seminal paper “Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass” was published in the peer-reviewed journal Physical Review & Research International in 2013. Utilizing a generalized holographic principle, the paper predicted a precise value of the charge radius of the proton which disagreed with the Standard Model by 4%. This prediction was later confirmed by a team of scientists at the Paul Scherrer Institute utilizing muons in a proton accelerator. The measurement has since been validated by the adjusted 2018 CODATA value of the proton RMS charge radius.

[Trisher]

This is fascinating. I have not heard of Nassim Haramein before. He is merging spirituality with science. I will be listening to this again as well as looking for more of his videos and articles. A lot of what he says is joining up the dots for me.

Trisher

[Zirconian]

Nassim Haramein's research is very interesting. He truly is linking science and spitituality.

About Nassim Haramein

https://www.resonancescience.org

Founder of the Resonance Science Foundation Nassim Haramein has spent more than 30 years researching and discovering connections in physics, mathematics, geometry, cosmology, quantum mechanics, biology and chemistry as well as anthropology and archeology.

His work is truly worth a look. For me it explains so much as to what I've experienced.

[greybeard]

Nassim Haramein - Sacred Geometry and Unified Fields

This was my introduction to Nassim.
Beyond my ability to understand fully but I love the way he explains.
Chris

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=SqkDH6zM9IA

[Zirconian]

Chris,

Thank you.

His website page is the most uplifting scientific website page, I've ever encountered.
Talk about resonance!
You see, I've experienced my chakras explode and turn into black holes with my auric bodies dissapearing. This has been very difficult to explain and at times to understand .....but Nassim is explaining.....with science.
I'm also experiencing black holes actually on earth. I've found a few. Again not easy to explain from a traditional, scientific viewpoint but Nassim is providing some understanding for me.
These black holes (inner/outer), I'm convinced are our interface with Source/God/creator/all that is.

Oh....message for EFO. following on from previous posts....Nassim is restructuring water and he has created ARK tools. You maybe interested.

[Zirconian]

Short and to the point..........interesting.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=_nfi1eIsTXs

[Ernie Nemeth]

An interesting article from Firefox's Pocket:

Black Holes proven to eventually release all captured information.

Long and detailed report on 'virtual wormhole connections' that 'mirror' the entanglement principle that allow physicists to delve into the possible mechanism that converts the information in a black hole into decipherable information before its dissolution (before it evaporates away as Hawking's radiation). Interesting phase transition within the black hole, due to quantum entanglement principles, requires a boundary layer to form within the black hole that is entangled with the Hawking radiation 'expelled' from it. A quality called 'quantum entropy' increases, entangling more of the expelled information and reinforcing the secondary boundary within. The 'quantum pressure' continues to rise for a time but soon reaches what is called the Page limit, reversing the effect as the hole evaporates further. When the black hole is completely dissolved, the quantum entropy drops to zero.


https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-b...=pocket-newtab


Yet for all its efforts and the hype, the problem is there is still the requirement of a 'secret tunnel', the properties and mechanisms of which are not known or understood...that point to a more base reality that gives rise to this one, its properties defying all modern physical laws.

[Zirconian]

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=y8GpAyD93ZA

Starts at 6:00


Physicist Nassim Haramein joins Freeman and Barnet for a wild conversation about reality. This is a brilliant, pragmatic discussion, that references Nassim’s Holofractographic Universe Theory – a term that invites a new possibility for understanding reality. Is it possible that vacuum is the key to life – that all matter is appearing and disappearing at the speed of light and that we are vacuum? What if the center of every proton is a mini-black hole with nearly infinite amounts of energy? What if everything in the universe is connected at its core? Can we begin to see the fractal elements, patterns and sacred geometry in nature as a more profound illustration of who and what we really are? Beauty is the key to breaking through the confusion and contradictions that inhibits conventional thinking. “Look for beauty and you will find the truth”, tends to be the guiding principle that directed the attention of this amazing guest – and whether each of us understands the physics or not almost becomes irrelevant, the wisdom in this principle of seeking out beauty can be practically applied to all of our lives to improve life, in general.



Uplifting discussion.

If the recent positive timeline does not get hijacked, then maybe we are in for a paradigm shift?

[Trisher]

Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj also perceived that we were blackholes. He died in the 1980's. Science is now proving it.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=xK88rB_Yv5A

Trisher

[Zirconian]

This is truly a wonderful find.
Thank you.
There are experiencers of this within and I am one.
Science is now meeting spirituality.

[Zirconian]

Why Black Hole Interiors Grow (Almost) Forever
The renowned physicist Leonard Susskind has identified a possible quantum origin for the ever-growing volume of black holes.
Quanta Magazine

Natalie Wolchover





Leonard Susskind, a pioneer of string theory, the holographic principle and other big physics ideas spanning the past half-century, has proposed a solution to an important puzzle about black holes. The problem is that even though these mysterious, invisible spheres appear to stay a constant size as viewed from the outside, their interiors keep growing in volume essentially forever. How is this possible?

In a series of recent papers and talks, the 78-year-old Stanford University professor and his collaborators conjecture that black holes grow in volume because they are steadily increasing in complexity — an idea that, while unproven, is fueling new thinking about the quantum nature of gravity inside black holes.

Black holes are spherical regions of such extreme gravity that not even light can escape. First discovered a century ago as shocking solutions to the equations of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity, they’ve since been detected throughout the universe. (They typically form from the inward gravitational collapse of dead stars.) Einstein’s theory equates the force of gravity with curves in space-time, the four-dimensional fabric of the universe, but gravity becomes so strong in black holes that the space-time fabric bends toward its breaking point — the infinitely dense “singularity” at the black hole’s center.

According to general relativity, the inward gravitational collapse never stops. Even though, from the outside, the black hole appears to stay a constant size, expanding slightly only when new things fall into it, its interior volume grows bigger and bigger all the time as space stretches toward the center point. For a simplified picture of this eternal growth, imagine a black hole as a funnel extending downward from a two-dimensional sheet representing the fabric of space-time. The funnel gets deeper and deeper, so that infalling things never quite reach the mysterious singularity at the bottom. In reality, a black hole is a funnel that stretches inward from all three spatial directions. A spherical boundary surrounds it called the “event horizon,” marking the point of no return.

Since at least the 1970s, physicists have recognized that black holes must really be quantum systems of some kind — just like everything else in the universe. What Einstein’s theory describes as warped space-time in the interior is presumably really a collective state of vast numbers of gravity particles called “gravitons,” described by the true quantum theory of gravity. In that case, all the known properties of a black hole should trace to properties of this quantum system.

Indeed, in 1972, the Israeli physicist Jacob Bekenstein figured out that the area of the spherical event horizon of a black hole corresponds to its “entropy.” This is the number of different possible microscopic arrangements of all the particles inside the black hole, or, as modern theorists would describe it, the black hole’s storage capacity for information.

Bekenstein’s insight led Stephen Hawking to realize two years later that black holes have temperatures, and that they therefore radiate heat. This radiation causes black holes to slowly evaporate away, giving rise to the much-discussed “black hole information paradox,” which asks what happens to information that falls into black holes. Quantum mechanics says the universe preserves all information about the past. But how does information about infalling stuff, which seems to slide forever toward the central singularity, also evaporate out?

The relationship between a black hole’s surface area and its information content has kept quantum gravity researchers busy for decades. But one might also ask: What does the growing volume of its interior correspond to, in quantum terms? “For whatever reason, nobody, including myself for a number of years, really thought very much about what that means,” said Susskind. “What is the thing which is growing? That should have been one of the leading puzzles of black hole physics.”

In recent years, with the rise of quantum computing, physicists have been gaining new insights about physical systems like black holes by studying their information-processing abilities — as if they were quantum computers. This angle led Susskind and his collaborators to identify a candidate for the evolving quantum property of black holes that underlies their growing volume. What’s changing, the theorists say, is the “complexity” of the black hole — roughly a measure of the number of computations that would be needed to recover the black hole’s initial quantum state, at the moment it formed. After its formation, as particles inside the black hole interact with one another, the information about their initial state becomes ever more scrambled. Consequently, their complexity continuously grows.

Using toy models that represent black holes as holograms, Susskind and his collaborators have shown that the complexity and volume of black holes both grow at the same rate, supporting the idea that the one might underlie the other. And, whereas Bekenstein calculated that black holes store the maximum possible amount of information given their surface area, Susskind’s findings suggest that they also grow in complexity at the fastest possible rate allowed by physical laws.

John Preskill, a theoretical physicist at the California Institute of Technology who also studies black holes using quantum information theory, finds Susskind’s idea very interesting. “That’s really cool that this notion of computational complexity, which is very much something that a computer scientist might think of and is not part of the usual physicist’s bag of tricks,” Preskill said, “could correspond to something which is very natural for someone who knows general relativity to think about,” namely the growth of black hole interiors.

Researchers are still puzzling over the implications of Susskind’s thesis. Aron Wall, a theorist at Stanford (soon moving to the University of Cambridge), said, “The proposal, while exciting, is still rather speculative and may not be correct.” One challenge is defining complexity in the context of black holes, Wall said, in order to clarify how the complexity of quantum interactions might give rise to spatial volume.

A potential lesson, according to Douglas Stanford, a black hole specialist at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, “is that black holes have a type of internal clock that keeps time for a very long time. For an ordinary quantum system,” he said, “this is the complexity of the state. For a black hole, it is the size of the region behind the horizon.”

If complexity does underlie spatial volume in black holes, Susskind envisions consequences for our understanding of cosmology in general. “It’s not only black hole interiors that grow with time. The space of cosmology grows with time,” he said. “I think it’s a very, very interesting question whether the cosmological growth of space is connected to the growth of some kind of complexity. And whether the cosmic clock, the evolution of the universe, is connected with the evolution of complexity. There, I don’t know the answer.”

Natalie Wolchover is a senior writer and editor at Quanta Magazine covering the physical sciences.
Quanta Magazine



This post originally appeared on Quanta Magazine and was published December 6, 2018.

[Zirconian]

Yeah, you're gonna want to sit down for this one. It's a little a lot:

It's possible that dark matter is made of tiny black holes created at the very beginning of time by nucleation from bubbles of false vacuum that created baby universes containing sub-lunar masses of matter during an infinitesimally brief period of cosmic hyperinflation.

If so, a team of scientists think,( www.ipmu.jp/en/20201224-PBH-multiverse ) this could solve several nagging puzzles about the Universe, including dark matter, gravitational wave sources, and an odd observation made of the Andromeda Galaxy.

See? It's a lot. To be clear, I'm pretty skeptical, to say the least, but it's a fun idea based on a series of fun ideas, so let's tackle them one piece at a time.



Artwork depicting a black hole with an accretion disk, and magnetic fields swirling above it. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The kind of matter we see in the Universe — made up of electrons, neutrons, protons, and other particles — is actually in the minority of stuff out there. The majority of matter out there is made of something we can't see; it literally emits no light, so we call it dark matter. We know it exists, for example, from the way galaxies rotate and move around in clusters. There's also quite a bit more evidence for its existence.

Over the decades, astronomers have eliminated just about everything we know of that could be dark matter. Rogue planets, dead stars, weird physics, and so on. Not much is left on the "maybe" list, but it includes exotic subatomic particles like axions, and wee black holes.

Yes, black holes. We tend to think of these beasts as having at least three times the mass of the Sun (which form when massive stars explode) up to supermassive ones in the centers of galaxies that outweigh our local star by a factor of billions. We know dark matter can't be these kinds of black holes because their gravity affects light that passes near them, bending its path. To account for the amount of dark matter we think is out there there'd need to be so many black holes we'd have noticed by now.

Normal black holes, that is (like any of them is "normal"). It turns out there's another kind, maybe. They're theoretical, and have far less mass. In fact, some could have as little mass as the Moon. A black hole that mass would be tiny, only about 0.2 millimeters a wide! That's roughly the thickness of a human hair.

None has ever been seen, but they're theorized to have been created at the very beginning of the Universe. There are several ways they could have formed, including just the immense pressures generated when the Universe was still a fraction of a second old and all the matter and energy in the entire cosmos was inside a volume smaller than a grain of sand. Because they would've formed then, they're called primordial black holes.



Fanciful artwork of baby universes spawning and growing in the first moments of our own Universe’s existence. Credit：Kavli IPMU

Another way is through what's called the false vacuum. This concept is fairly complex, but the idea is that any object with energy tends to lower its energy. That's why things cool when heated, or fall to the ground if let go. The Universe itself has energy, and we tend to think that the vacuum of space is in the lowest energy state it can be. But quantum mechanics postulates there's a lower energy state it can be in, the true vacuum state, and what we live in now is a false vacuum.

If a piece of the Universe were to collapse to the true vacuum state today, that bubble would grow and eventually consume the Universe. That's not exactly a happy bedtime story, but if you want to read more my friend and astrophysicist Katie Mack wrote an article about it for Cosmos Magazine.

https://cosmosmagazine.com/physics/v...e-catastrophe/

However, if such a thing happened when the Universe was a fraction of a second old, the Universal expansion would outpace the growth of such a true vacuum bubble, and they couldn't keep up and destroy everything. There was a very brief period, called inflation, when the Universe expanded extremely rapidly, faster than the speed of light, and if these bubbles of true vacuum formed during that period (which lasted, by the way, for 10-32 seconds, so not long) they would branch off from our own Universe, and not destroy it.

From inside such a bubble you'd see an entirely new Universe born. Our own may have formed in this way. But from outside such a bubble what you'd see is a whole lot of mass compressed into a tiny volume: a black hole.

In the new study,( https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.09160.pdf ) the authors investigate what this would look like now given conditions in the early Universe. Black holes across a range of masses would've been created, mostly all very small.

But possible mini black holes have a lot of possibilities. For example, the authors find that if the masses of these primordial black holes goes from about that of a small asteroid up to about that of the Moon (very roughly 100 trillion to 1022 kilograms) then the total mass of these objects created would equal that of all the dark matter in the Universe.

A simulation of what a black hole with a disk of gas swirling around it would look, given the bizarre effects of its fierce gravity on the light from the disk.


Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Jeremy Schnittman

Could we detect them? As I said, black holes bend light, and a black hole passing between us and a more distant star would affect the starlight, amplifying it in a measurable way. We call this gravitational lensing. Many lensing events have been seen, usually by distant stars passing in front of another star, or the light from an entire galaxy warped as it passes through a massive galaxy cluster. However, nothing from a primordial black hole has been seen.

... maybe. There was a weird microlensing event seen in a dedicated survey of the nearby Andromeda Galaxy, looking for any stars that appear to brighten in a way consistent with lensing. They found only one candidate, and it was consistent with a primordial black hole. In that study, the astronomers making the observation use this event to rule out a broad range of possible primordial black holes that could make up dark matter. However, the authors of the new study say their results are still consistent with this, allowing dark matter to be made up, at least in part, of these small black holes.
The path of light around a black hole gets severely distorted by gravity. In this diagram, the Earth is off to the right, and light from material behind the black hole gets bent toward us, leaving a “hole” where the black hole itself is.

The path of light around a black hole gets severely distorted by gravity. In this diagram, the Earth is off to the right, and light from material behind the black hole gets bent toward us, leaving a “hole” where the black hole itself is.


Credit: Nicolle R. Fuller/NSF

They also show that it's possible that some of the bigger primordial black holes could have provided "seed masses" — starter kits, if you will — for the supermassive black holes we see in galaxies today, with the much larger ones growing from the tiny ones. They even posit that stellar-mass black holes, ones with a few to a few dozen times the mass of the Sun, can be made this way, and not necessarily from supernovae events of massive stars. They think these could be the black holes we see colliding and creating gravitational waves in events seen by LIGO.

OK, so there you have it. It's a lot, sure, but there's a bigger question: Is this correct?

Wellllll, maybe. It's all theoretical, and there are a lot of steps to go from what we know now to having actual wee black holes permeating the Universe and creating mysteries all over the place. For me personally, it's a lot to swallow. I'm always wary of one kind of thing solving vast numbers of problems; we usually find that a new type of object or event explains a few puzzles we see, not all of them. Something that acts like a skeleton key deserves a lot more skepticism.

So I'll leave it to the experts to support or refute this idea. But either way, it's interesting, and one thing I do like about it is how clever it is. I enjoy seeing people play with ideas, and in science, especially highly theoretical science, it's a good idea to publish these ideas so that other scientists can poke at them. "Clever" doesn't mean "correct," but it may help constrain other ideas, or inspire observations to test the hypotheses.

Most ideas turn out to be wrong, but the process of coming up with them and testing them helps advance science and understanding either way.

Plus? It's fun to think about. That's a huge reason we do science as well.

Contributed by
PhilPlait_phaser
Phil Plait
Phil Plait
@BadAstronomer
Dec 30, 2020, 9:00 AM EST (Updated)