Buoyancy generator

[Ernie Nemeth]

Water is a very special compound. It's properties are unique. There almost certainly are things we don't understand yet about it.
For instance, the fact that breaking just one of the hydrogen bonds gives you Brown's gas, which then can be harnessed to break the second bond. If this process were used broadly it could be the next power source.
Imagine burning water! Who knew?

[Tom Booth]

Posted by meat suit (here)
This is interesting....

I guess simplified this is reverse water wheel, where buoyancy does the lifting rather than water doing the pushing.
Maybe air pushing up through water has more force than the weight of water..

There have been some examinations and evaluations of the machines by various investigators or examiners. The general conclusion is that no fraud or "hidden power source" could be detected, however, by the general known laws of science, there is no explanation for how it could work, so accusations of some kind of trickery. hidden wires, and so forth continue. There are some rather disturbing circumstances surrounding this.

The link in the introductory post for this thread is broken. The site Peswiki(dot)com no longer exists. It's maintainer is apparently now in prison.

It can still be accessed through the internet archive though:

https://web.archive.org/web/20150722...Innovations_AG


As the story goes, not long after he (Stirling Allen) published the story about this company and their machine on his website he decided to confess to authorities that he cannot control his pedophile tendencies and asked to please be arrested. Supposedly, he was operating a vast international pedophile network and his computers and all his contacts were seized.

Compromising images of Detlef Dohmen (now dead) , the CEO of the company that manufactures (or manufactured?) the machines have also been circulated online.

The campaign(s) to "expose the fraud" and smear the company as a "scam" have continued unabated.

Sooo.... was Sterling D. Allan operating a "Free Energy Network" or was he the ringleader and webmaster/maintainer of a vast international pedophile network? My intention here is not to dive any deeper into that question but to take a sober and objective look at what I believe is one plausible explanation for how this "buoyancy" generator may have operated, and perhaps, may be operating.

The company Rosch Innovations has announced, or has claimed numerous megawatt installations all over the world. Meanwhile the debunkers of the "SCAM" continue to counter that none of these installations actually exist and that it is all a fraud.

Anyway, as for my "theory" of how this device might operate. Here is the first clue:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=2hYQtB4QkEY

When air is compressed, even using an ordinary shop compressor such as many people have in their own garage or workshop, the air initially gets hot, but if cooled, or allowed to cool over time naturally, when the compressed cooled air is released its temperature can fall well below freezing.

Keep in mind also that all heat pumps, refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners utilize a compressor in basically the same way, to produce refrigeration. Air itself is a recognized refrigerant: R-729

R-729 (Ordinary atmospheric Air) is not utilized much for domestic or commercial refrigeration. It is most suitable for cryogenic freezing and preservation due to the potential for achieving extremely low temperatures.

My first introduction to this phenomenon was when I was quite young, newly married and looking for employment with a temporary placement agency in Arizona.

I gat an assignment to temporarily fill in for a worker in a mechanic shop repairing engines. I had taken a two year trades course in Engine and Appliance Repair during my final two years in High School.

When I showed up for the job and the employer told me the story about who I was there to replace and why, my jaw dropped.

One of the workers in the shop was removing a series of long head bolts from a large engine. He was using an air powered impact wrench. The bolts were very big, long and somewhat stubborn and difficult to remove. The worker had not been aware that his finger was over the exhaust outlet of the air tool as he was working removing one large bolt after the other. The extreme cold from the exhaust port of the air wrench, without him even noticing, had cryogenically frozen his finger and when he went to put down the air wrench his finger was stuck to the wrench and snapped off like an icicle. I was told not to worry though because I would not be using that particular air wrench, they were having me sharpening chain saw blades, but just as a forewarning he said if I ever did need to use such an air tool to keep my fingers away from the exhaust port.

I think the reason the air got so extremely cold was that in the desert (Arizona) the temperatures can be very hot during the day but often plumet at night, down to near freezing, so the big tank of compressed air had sat overnight in the shop and so had become unusually cold. So when the shop opened early in the morning the air in the tank was still quite chilled, enough so that then it expanded to drive the air wrench and dropped much further in temperature it was cold enough to cryogenically freeze a finger. This is not usually a problem when using an air wrench normally for short durations. Nevertheless, even under NORMAL circumstances the refrigerating effect of expanding compressed air is considerable as demonstrated in the above video.

It is such compressed and cooled air that is injected into the Buoyancy canisters at the bottom of the tank of water in these Buoyancy generators. This thermal aspect or component is very easily overlooked or disregarded but it is, I believe, key to understanding how the device may operate.

[meat suit]

If the air is cooled upon injection, I cant seehow that would help with the buoancy..

[Tom Booth]

Posted by meat suit (here)
If the air is cooled upon injection, I cant seehow that would help with the buoancy..

The air is cooled down after compression and before injection.

The idea, or principle was laid out by Tesla.

Heat is everywhere in abundance. The Sun has warmed up our atmosphere, otherwise earth would be a cold rock floating in outer space at near absolute zero.

The problem is how to tap into all this heat we are surrounded by, which represents an inexhaustible supply of "Free Energy".

A heat engine requires a temperature difference to operate, but that temperature difference does not need to be the given temperature of our atmosphere and some temperature raised ABOVE the temperature of the atmosphere.

A heat engine can also run on a temperature difference of our ambient atmosphere kept forever warm by the Sun and a COLDER temperature.

https://youtu.be/L6Jmdve1JK8?si=IP40DLA-rrZbO_nm

By doing this the engine is tapping into the heat/energy residing in the atmosphere.

Tesla's reasoning was that heat is not (as was then generally believed), a FLUID that flows through a heat engine, but rather a form of energy itself. Conservation of energy then dictates that the heat entering into the engine is CONVERTED into mechanical WORK and so the heat does not actually flow through the engine.

The heat goes into the engine, and then it is converted into the mechanical motion of the engine itself.

So taking the above video as an example. If the ice cube were protected from all the surrounding heat in the air causing it to melt regardless, there is actually very little heat getting into the ice THROUGH THE ENGINE.

In theory then, if perfectly insulated, the heat engine could run on top of the ice indefinitely. Of course that's easier said than done, but the basic principle is that by generating COLD, the abundant, virtually unlimited heat/energy in the general surroundings, the AIR and atmosphere becomes available to the engine.

[Tom Booth]

BTW, this is discussed in rather technical terms in the paper posted by Ted in his second post to the thread. His post consists of a long quotation from this page:

Wayback Archive copy: https://web.archive.org/web/20150516...oyancy-system/

The significant passage:

If we found a way to fully use this non-equilibrium, we would obtain an 820-fold gain in energy. Non-equilibrium states are observed starting from the moment of feeding air under a column of water. They accumulate when the air rises because...

the air volume increases, taking away heat from the water. Air is fed under the water column at a temperature less than the temperature of the water,

...since if during the process of reaching atmospheric pressure the air pressure equals 4 Atm (0.4 MPa) and the temperature is +20°C (293 K). the air will cool down to 75°C (198 K), i.e. by 95°C. Heat extraction will take place in conditions close to adiabatic

There was a great deal of additional discussion about this around that time when this energy extraction device was first introduced but just continuing with that paper:

The proposed installation may extract heat from the water and transform it into mechanical energy. Taking into consideration the temperature difference between the water and the air when the water temperature equals 80°C (the thermal source, water, heated up in a solar collector or in a system of turbine cooling or compressor cooling, em), and the air temperature is 20°C, the coefficient of the air volume increase, according to the

Gay-Lussac Law, will total:
1+ (s0°c - 20°C)/273 = 1.2
The capacity will amount to:

N =14.7 kW x 1.2 = 17.6 kW
Our expectations about a gain in energy were
borne out:
17.6 kW/ 5 = 3.5 kW
3.5 kW / 1.13 kW = a 3,1-fold energy gain per wheel

There are a number of additional "hidden" or not readily apparent HEAT transfers going on in this machine that involve little known principles related to compressing air. One of those principles is the so-called "Proell Effext".

From the companies literature:



What exactly the "Proell Effect" is and how it might play a role in the workings of this machine is a pretty big subject in itself. The "Proell Effect" is actually a very obscure topic in the field of Stirling Heat engines and Heat Pumps.

[Johnnycomelately]

Posted by Tom Booth (here)
I originally found this forum while searching for a forum discussing the topic of this buoyancy generator.

I have been intrigued by Stirling heat engines for several decades, studying how they work and doing experiments. My YouTube channel is largely devoted to posting videos of my experiments with small model Stirling engines over the years.

Some time back, someone on the Stirling engine forum brought my attention to this rather controversial Buoyancy generator which has been described as a kind of Stirling heat engines by its manufacturers and distributors or by its inventors.

The CEO of the company that has been manufacturing and promoting these generators recently passed away.

There has been an ongoing debate about this machine that has continued for over a decade on a German forum. https://www.allmystery.de/themen/gw113123 there were other forums prior to this also that no longer are active but can be accessed through the Wayback internet archive.

On the German forum, I was interested in discussing this machine in light of its claimed mode of operation as a "Stirling" heat engine or thermal engine, as originally stated, rather than a "buoyancy" engine.

The German forum, however, was/is apparently controlled and operated by individuals who ONLY have one goal and purpose: to debunk the machine and the company and it's distributors as a "scam".

I think that the fact that the controversy has continued for so long rather remarkable in itself.

Some of the companies promotional videos:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Y4Qt92a6sgg

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=3IdNow8vZdg

As seems usual for this kind of thing, it appears to violate the known laws of physics and some simply dismiss it as a physical impossibility and an " obvious scam, plain and simple"

There are a number of forums and websites dedicated only to "exposing the scam".

Anyway, I joined the German forum to discuss the feasibility of such a device from a thermodynamics standpoint as a kind of combined heat pump and heat engine, as I have already run into such anomalies in connection with "ordinary" off-the-shelf model Stirling engines that seem to operate in ways that defy "established science".

This "anomalous" apparent "overunity" or apparent "perpetual motion" behavior of certain thermally powered engines has been an area of research for me for about 15 years.

Here is one such heat engine that without doubt operates as a kind of "apparent" perpetual motion machine:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=rOrltkTpFm8

Purportedly, the buoyancy generator works on the same basic principle as the drinking bird toy. But if this were assumed to actually be true, what principle is that exactly?

This was actually explained and elaborated upon by Nikola Tesla and others. Similar inventions have appeared over and over again but are almost invariably dismissed as "impossible" and the inventors themselves scorned as crackpots or scam artists.

Hi Tom, and welcome to the show.

On the nodding bird vid, he says it relies on incident light heating the dark body/butt more than the silver hat and the light coloured head. I guess that the fluid creeping up the neck is forced by thermal expansion, and when it tips forward enough gets cooled by the cooler upper glass that it resets. Strange project, probably tight tolerances on various constraints. Might be a candidate for an Ignobel Prize lol.


I attended a conference on future technology in Berlin in the late 80’s, and watched two different presentations about rotating electrical over-unity concepts. One had equipment and ran a demo (I don’t recall being impressed with the stated results), and they were both intruiging to undergrad-physics degree me.

Cooler than that though, I later met a man who told me of a simpler over unity device he had built. He said it was a ~table top train setup, where iirc the engine /car had a magnet, which attracted to iron or magnetic pieces recurring in the track. Said he used another material as a shield to the same magnetics, blanking the mag fields from slowing the carriage as it passed each. Wouldn’t tell me what that material was.


Another off-topic, I once heard it said that the over-unity devices’ harvesting of energy from somewhere else, is akin to stealing. Dunno if, if that is true, most of our ET visitors are still miscreants, in the grand scheme of things.

Cheers from Edmonton AB.

[Tom Booth]

Posted by meat suit (here)
This is interesting.
there are a lot of moving parts in water which would need a lot of maintenance.
...

This is true. Lots and lots of chain links etc. Perhaps not the best implementation but what I think is important is getting to the bottom of the principle involved. How it actually works (if it does, and isn't some kind of hoax as many assume).

[Tom Booth]

Posted by meat suit (here)
Spent a bit of time reading that thread at https://www.allmystery.de/themen/gw113123 that you linked.
I speak german but crikey, what a rabbit hole...

I started posting on that forum at the bottom of this page: https://www.allmystery.de/themen/gw113123-2836 I was constantly bombarded with moderator warnings from the get-go. It seemed nearly everyone in there was flagging my posts for various trivial or completely made up reasons. One being that it is a German language forum and I was posting in English. All the browsers on my computer do translation pretty seamlessly, so I hardly even notice and never see people posting on any forum in any language to be any big issue these days, but to avoid getting banned for speaking English, there was a small "English" section, so I started a "spinoff" thread there: https://www.allmystery.de/themen/en172828 <--- that might be worth reading if anyone wants a head start on where I'm going with this.

I guess what you are wondering about is wether the heat in the compressed air is adding anything.

Not so much wondering at this point, but hoping to be able to explain in what way "Heat" plays a big role, though this is not readily apparent. The process by which a household freezer gets cold is not "visible". We can hear when the compressor is running, but what makes the refrigerator get cold? We know the compressor is pumping "refrigerant" around, but a "refrigerant" is not really anything particularly special. Virtually anything that can be compressed and expanded can be used as a refrigerant, including ordinary atmospheric air, or even rubber bands:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=lfmrvxB154w

The demonstration is cool, but the talk about "entropy" toward the end is not a very good or legitimate explanation IMO. Personally, I don't think there is really any such thing as "entropy". It seems to just be a word people insert when they don't actually understand what's going on. I think molecular attraction and repulsion makes more sense. A gas, or gas molecules, like AIR or refrigerant "like to be" a certain distance apart from one another so the electron clouds around them don't collide, so if compressed, the gas wants to expand, the molecules repel one another when forced too close together. On the other hand, when far apart, the molecules tend to want to come closer together and attract one another.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Yqj5jHUE3wI

To me, this is a much more satisfying explanation of what's actually going on than just caulking it up to "entropy".

Are you familiar with the thunder storm generator?

No, I don't think so, though it sounds vaguely familiar. What about it?

There seem to be things at work in some systems that are outside of the current paradigm.
Stanley Myers water car was another one, Griggs hydrosonic pump...

Yes, I think it is important to keep an open mind about these things. Direct testing and experiment where there are different theories or different possible explanations is also important. For me I'm mostly a "free energy" agnostic. I don't believe it without demonstrating it for myself on the workbench or with a prototype I built myself, but I wouldn't dismiss something offhand until I built and tested it myself either.

I think there also seems to be evidence that "experimenter bias" may cross over into a kind of "mind over matter" where experiments ACTUALLY work around the influence of certain people but don't work around the influence of certain other people.

Scientific "objectivity" seems akin to some mystical states of suspended thinking, so perhaps a scientific "discovery" is more an act of creativity.

[Tom Booth]

Posted by Ernie Nemeth (here)
Water is a very special compound. It's properties are unique. There almost certainly are things we don't understand yet about it.
For instance, the fact that breaking just one of the hydrogen bonds gives you Brown's gas, which then can be harnessed to break the second bond. If this process were used broadly it could be the next power source.
Imagine burning water! Who knew?

I'm very interested in Hydrogen as a fuel, especially burning hydrogen gas as a heat source for powering a Stirling engine. I've often wondered about the bonding of H2O - two hydrogens bonded to one oxygen and if that might be taken advantage of in some way. How would that work exactly?

Now that you mention it, here is another interesting twist to this Buoyancy engine I came across:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=1CuX-BYHjpw

[Tom Booth]

Posted by Johnnycomelately (here)
...
Cooler than that though, I later met a man who told me of a simpler over unity device he had built. He said it was a ~table top train setup, where iirc the engine /car had a magnet, which attracted to iron or magnetic pieces recurring in the track. Said he used another material as a shield to the same magnetics, blanking the mag fields from slowing the carriage as it passed each. Wouldn’t tell me what that material was.
...
Cheers from Edmonton AB.

I saw several videos of some such thing somewhere posted on this forum: https://www.mooker.com/index.php

The guy was pushing little magnetic cars under a kind of magnetic arch with magnetic shielding under the arch, so the car was attracted and accelerated through the arch. Then this would be repeated.

It seemed to kind of work, but kind of not work. It seemed the car always needed a PUSH at some point but would not continue around in a loop on a track indefinitely, at least at that stage, but that was a few years ago. I haven't been on that forum for a while and couldn't find the thread, but I found that effort at magnetic shielding interesting.

[Ernie Nemeth]

They used to call it mu metal and it was used in tape recorders to shield the tape from magnetic effects of the transport system.
As it turned out it was metal folded over and over forming a sandwich of layers that mitigated magnetically induced counter currents.

[meat suit]

Posted by Tom Booth (here)

Posted by meat suit (here)
Spent a bit of time reading that thread at https://www.allmystery.de/themen/gw113123 that you linked.
I speak german but crikey, what a rabbit hole...

I started posting on that forum at the bottom of this page: https://www.allmystery.de/themen/gw113123-2836 I was constantly bombarded with moderator warnings from the get-go. It seemed nearly everyone in there was flagging my posts for various trivial or completely made up reasons. One being that it is a German language forum and I was posting in English. All the browsers on my computer do translation pretty seamlessly, so I hardly even notice and never see people posting on any forum in any language to be any big issue these days, but to avoid getting banned for speaking English, there was a small "English" section, so I started a "spinoff" thread there: https://www.allmystery.de/themen/en172828 <--- that might be worth reading if anyone wants a head start on where I'm going with this.

I guess what you are wondering about is wether the heat in the compressed air is adding anything.

Not so much wondering at this point, but hoping to be able to explain in what way "Heat" plays a big role, though this is not readily apparent. The process by which a household freezer gets cold is not "visible". We can hear when the compressor is running, but what makes the refrigerator get cold? We know the compressor is pumping "refrigerant" around, but a "refrigerant" is not really anything particularly special. Virtually anything that can be compressed and expanded can be used as a refrigerant, including ordinary atmospheric air, or even rubber bands:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=lfmrvxB154w

The demonstration is cool, but the talk about "entropy" toward the end is not a very good or legitimate explanation IMO. Personally, I don't think there is really any such thing as "entropy". It seems to just be a word people insert when they don't actually understand what's going on. I think molecular attraction and repulsion makes more sense. A gas, or gas molecules, like AIR or refrigerant "like to be" a certain distance apart from one another so the electron clouds around them don't collide, so if compressed, the gas wants to expand, the molecules repel one another when forced too close together. On the other hand, when far apart, the molecules tend to want to come closer together and attract one another.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Yqj5jHUE3wI

To me, this is a much more satisfying explanation of what's actually going on than just caulking it up to "entropy".

Are you familiar with the thunder storm generator?

No, I don't think so, though it sounds vaguely familiar. What about it?

There seem to be things at work in some systems that are outside of the current paradigm.
Stanley Myers water car was another one, Griggs hydrosonic pump...

Yes, I think it is important to keep an open mind about these things. Direct testing and experiment where there are different theories or different possible explanations is also important. For me I'm mostly a "free energy" agnostic. I don't believe it without demonstrating it for myself on the workbench or with a prototype I built myself, but I wouldn't dismiss something offhand until I built and tested it myself either.

I think there also seems to be evidence that "experimenter bias" may cross over into a kind of "mind over matter" where experiments ACTUALLY work around the influence of certain people but don't work around the influence of certain other people.

Scientific "objectivity" seems akin to some mystical states of suspended thinking, so perhaps a scientific "discovery" is more an act of creativity.

Here is a random link to the thunderstorm generator,
https://www.laloadrianmorales.com/bl...-contributors/
We have looked at it in passing on Avalon as it was accidentally disclosed on Joe Rogan by Randall Carlson.
I have high hopes for the technology..

Yeah, the germans eh.. merciless..its a very different headspace.. none of the english politeness, just hard facts, lecturing and finger pointing..
I still get cought out every now and then doing this even after 30 living in Britain...

[Tom Booth]

Posted by meat suit (here)
...
Here is a random link to the thunderstorm generator,
https://www.laloadrianmorales.com/bl...-contributors/
We have looked at it in passing on Avalon as it was accidentally disclosed on Joe Rogan by Randall Carlson.
I have high hopes for the technology..

Kind of looks a lot like Paul Pantone's GEET generator. That may be why it sounds familiar, though I can't recall where, or if there might actually be a connection. I had a fleeting interest in GEET a few years ago and posted my general theory of how I thought it might work on the Stirling Engine Forum:

https://stirlingengineforum.boydhous...ic.php?p=19998

So many interesting things to explore and so little time, I never got around to building a GEET engine to test out the theory, but maybe someday.

[Tom Booth]

Well, getting back to the Buoyancy generator, there is an old German "OverUnity" forum where this engine was introduced and discussed back in 2014.

https://web.archive.org/web/20170615.../#.WUKI0nbP32c

At that time, there was quite a bit of discussion about this being a thermal engine, heat engine or "Stirling Engine" ("Stirlingmotors" in German).

The reason I think this is kind of a big deal and not "just another theory" is that it fits a pattern I've seen over and over again.

Peter A. Lindemann wrote a summary of Nicola Tesla's AMBIENT HEAT ENGINE in 1995 http://free-energy.ws/pdf/self_acting_engine.pdf

IT included this conceptual diagram to illustrate his general understanding of Tesla's invention:



To the left is an air compressor that takes in ambient air from the atmosphere.

The process of compressing air generates heat in two rather remarkable ways;

1st the air molecules all contain a given amount of energy that causes the molecules to maintain a certain distance from one another (Lennard Jones Potential). When the air molecules are forced closer together by a compressor the molecules adapt to this by giving up energy in the form of heat.

2nd the energy that is used in the process of compressing air (mechanical, electrical or chemical, i.e. whatever it is that powers the compressor, combustion engine, electric motor or manual labor, etc. ) is taken in by the air or transferred to the air molecules. This must also be thrown off as HEAT.

So moving up on the diagram, we next encounter a "heat exchanger".

The heat exchanger is really just the confined space, usually tubes or pipes that contain the compressed air or gas where the above mentioned two sources of heat are being thrown off by the compressed air.

All of the energy, so far, the energy that was in the air molecules themselves which they no longer want due to having to adapt to the COMPRESSED condition PLUS all the energy used in the compression process itself emanate from the "heat exchanger" in the form of HEAT.

Unfortunately Peter displays a rather poor understanding of heat pumps and refrigeration systems. In the text, he describes this (his own diagram) as follows:

The next element of the system... is really a heat exchanger that allows the working fluid to absorb heat from the environment... this element gets cold and produces refrigeration effects. On the inside, the working fluid is gaining in its stored heat potential. The next element of the system is the throttle or control valve...

This is actually wrong. After the compressor the heat exchanger, (Or the COMPRESSED AIR within the heat exchanger) is NOT "absorbing heat" but quite the opposite. As previously explained, the compressed air throws off heat, it does not get "COLD" (that comes later) it does just the opposite; it gets VERY HOT.

Anyone who has ever run an air compressor knows this, compressing air generates or throws off an enormous amount of heat.

A household refrigerator has a heat exchanger, usually on the back of the refrigerator, that gets very hot, throwing off a lot of heat. The compressor forces the refrigerant into this tight space; pipes or tubes. The heat exchanger simply provides the air with a lot of surface area to throw the heat off as quickly as possible. That is why these coils loop back and forth around and around and are often covered with aluminum fins and maybe have a small cooling fan to circulate air to GET RID OF THE HEAT.



Next in the circuit is the "throttle".

The "Throttle" may also be called an "orifice" a "capillary tube" or an "expansion valve". All this really does is act as a restriction in the line to hold back the air or refrigerant so that it stays compressed, but at the same time, it provides a very small passageway for the compressed air to escape and get free to expand again.

These really tiny passageways in a refrigeration system can sometimes become clogged:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=DipaQnHyVw8

When the air moves through this "throttle" what happens is the opposite of what took place when the air was compressed. When COMPRESSED the air had to throw off excess energy as heat in order to adapt, once past the restriction and free to take up more room, to expand and the air molecules get further apart, they become greedy for more energy.

Once through the capillary restriction or other "Valve" the air will adapt to the new condition of freedom and quickly begin absorbing heat. This is why a refrigerator gets cold: first the refrigerant is compressed to force it to throw off heat, then once past the restriction, the refrigerant is partially released from confinement (only partially because it is still inside tubes) and allowed to expand and wants to reabsorb energy. If someone were to touch it they would say it gets "COLD". It will FEEL cold because it is absorbing or taking away energy/heat from your hand.

As far as the heat that is thrown off by compression; it is good to keep in mind where the majority of this heat is actually coming from.

Ultimately, what heated the air in our atmosphere causing the air to EXPAND so the molecules of air maintain a certain distance from one another was the Sun.

The sun warmed up Earths atmosphere, the air molecules absorbed this "SOLAR ENERGY" that is then solar energy "STORED" in the air.

Compressing the air, then, reverses the process, forcing the air molecules back into close proximity with one another; a condition they were in before being heated up by the Sun. When forced close together the air gives up this STORED SOLAR ENERGY.

So, basically, the heat given off by compressed air IS SOLAR ENERGY.

After the "throttle" we encounter (back to Peter's diagram) the "turbine".

This is not actually separate from the "throttle".

In Heat Pump or Air conditioning systems that use AIR as the refrigerant, the "throttle" and the "turbine" are, in a sense, one and the same. That is, the turbine acts as a very special kind of "valve" or "restriction" where the air transitions between the state of being "COMPRESSED" to a state of being free to EXPAND.

These special turbines are often referred to as "expansion turbines".

This guy kind of sorta has an idea what he's doing but an interesting video anyway:

https://youtu.be/f1FQjfyOifI?si=V3aD0UDzkpeEl01s


People often get confused about this and they think that the turbine is forcing the air or refrigerant to expand, but actually the air is expanding and DRIVING the turbine, or POWERING the turbine.

In these "AIR-CYCLE" refrigeration systems the compressed air is allowed to escape but only by turning a turbine. Older systems used a reciprocating engine instead of a turbine.

https://www.grimsby.ac.uk/documents/...e_research.pdf

http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/P...ig/airfrig.htm


These engines were also often referred to as "EXPANSION ENGINES", not because the engine forced the air to expand, but rather because the expanding air is what drives the engine.

What an expansion engine or expansion turbine does is the opposite of what happens when energy is used to run a compressor and the energy goes into the air.

In an expansion turbine the energy to drive the turbine COMES OUT OF THE AIR.

That is, in a refrigeration system, or cryogenic freezer, as the air expands through an insulated turbine it is doing "WORK" to turn the turbine. That work the air does to turn the turbine, is energy that the air is taking from its own internal store of energy (because the turbine is insulated so heat cannot be absorbed from the environment.) As a result of this expansion and the work the air does, the air is releasing "INTERNAL ENERGY" to push the blades of the turbine out of the way so it can get free to expand.

In such an air cycle cryocooler, the air is really REALLY extra "GREEDY" for heat. It needs heat to expand so as it expands and even does some "WORK" in the process of trying to expand, it wants to absorb a lot of heat. The effect then, of rapidly absorbing heat is that the air becomes extremely COLD under these circumstances.

Peter in his text description again displays some misunderstanding or confusion saying:

Since no heat source is available here, the heat of vaporization must
come from the stored heat in the working fluid itself. This rapidly
expanding vapor/liquid combination is then harnessed by the next
element of the system, the turbine.

What Peter describes: "the heat of vaporization must
come from the stored heat in the working fluid itself" is true, or can be true in an air cycle refrigeration system where the INTENTION is to produce COLD for refrigeration. however, if your intention is to PRODUCE ENERGY, then what should be done, and what is done in such systems is to allow the air that powers the turbine to ABSORB AMBIENT HEAT FROM THE SUROUNDING ENVIRONMENT.

Some of the heat absorbed from the environment as the air expands is then transferred to the turbine to power the turbine as the air, if it can absorb heat from the environment, will expand more rapidly and with greater force, this more rapid, more forceful expansion is then transmitted to the turbine to produce more power output.

The turbine, then, becomes an AMBIENT HEAT POWERED engine.

As the air expands through the turbine, it is so desperate to expand that IF NECESSARY, it will expand at the expense of its own internal energy and become EXTREELY COLD. This is the process used in cryogenic refrigeration. The air is allowed to expand through a turbine but the turbine is INSULATED and the air can only expand out into an INSULATED room or box containing the material to be cryogenically frozen. The air will suck the heat out of whatever is in the freezer, much in the same way that the refrigerant in a household refrigerator will draw all the heat out of the food placed in the refrigerator. It does this, because IT WANTS TO EXPAND.

OK, so Peter got a few things mixed up and backwards. His illustration is still quite valuable in that it pulls together the various elements Tesla mentioned for his "FREE ENERGY" AMBIENT HEAT POWERED ENGINE.

Now what has all this got to do with the topic of this thread: the Buoyancy generator?

An examination of this machine, this Buoyancy generator reveals that it consists of or contains ALL THE SAME BASIC ELEMENTS AS TESLA'S AMBIENT HEAT ENGINE.

This post is already growing quite long so I'll break here.

[Tom Booth]

The compressor is easy. A prominent element of the "buoyancy" engine.



This is a thermal infrared image taken during an evaluation of the system:



The turbine may not be readily recognizable, but I would argue that the chain of flotation canisters going round and round driven by expanding air is a type of turbine.

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=ftp49tEQ0-o

The "throttle" or valve that injects air into the turbine; well, there apparently are multiple valves. Watching the above video closely, it can be seen that there are valves being turned open and closed for each canister:



On the forums and in the literature, these are described as "pressure reduction valves". Pressure reduction, is, of course, the purpose of an expansion valve in a refrigeration system, to maintain the compressed air or refrigerant gas or fluid under pressure until "expanded" or allowed to escape and expand. Once released through the valve, the compressed air truly takes on the role of a "refrigerant" in that as it expands it is "Greedy" to absorb back all the heat that it threw off when compressed.

The "heat exchanger" is also a little difficult to locate or identify. The compressor, as already seen above in the infrared image serves as a heat exchanger with fans and cooling fins on the compressor head "exchanging" heat with the surroundings, throwing the heat off.

The tank of water is another "heat exchanger".

A translation from the German forum (Reply #31):

The compressed air is pressed into the water column in countercurrent from top to bottom, so the resulting compression heat is extracted from the compressed air and transferred to the water.

https://web.archive.org/web/20170911.../#.WbYUOHbP32c

Apparently, according to the "scientific explanation" provided to Stirling Allen, at least some iterations of the system used water cooling of the compressor to take heat directly from the compressor and transfer the hot water to the tank.

This is also where "The Proell Effect" plays a role. This has to do with a little known effect of compressing air. When a compressor compresses air into an air line, the air in the air line far away from the compressor itself also gets compressed and becomes hot. This is kind of like, if you were in a crowded room and were pressed against the wall by all the people in the room and then more people came through a door on the other side of the room and also entered into the room, you would be pressed harder against the wall even though the door where people are coming in is quite far away on the other side of the room. This may seem obvious, but to someone schooled in the "kinetic theory of gases", gas molecules do not interact with one another, so such "remote" heat transfer, it might be argued should be impossible.

The compressed air is delivered to the canisters at the bottom of the water tank. But the pipe with the hot compressed air is inside the tank going down through the water, so this "remote" heat of compression is continually being transferred to the water, especially near the top of the tank.

As the compressed air goes down through the delivery pipe and looses heat to the water, the water heats up taking heat from the hot air in the pipe.

So the tank of water with the pipe going down constitutes a "counter-current heat exchanger".

The compressed air then, is COOLED by the water and the water is HEATED by the compressed air.

When the air is released however, the role is reversed. The compressed air escaping through the valves into the canisters as mentioned previously is "Greedy" to recapture or take back the heat that it lost while compressed. So the air entering the canisters is actually Extremely COLD.

It has been explained in the literature about the device and on the forums that only a very small amount of air is injected into the canisters. Because the air is so cold and compressed when injected it is rather dense, you could say, almost a liquid. This near "Liquid Air" then rapidly expands inside the canisters as it takes heat back from the water. Heat that it lost while under compression.

An added effect of this is that the expanding air cools the water, especially down there near the bottom of the tank, so the colder water then further cools the air that is still inside the pipe on its way down. Because the expanding air cools the water and the water cools the air before it expands, things just keep getting colder and colder down there at the bottom of the tank.

This extreme cold at the bottom of the tank causes a kind of cascading effect, the compressed air just keeps getting colder and colder before it is released through the valves from under compression. An effect of this is the air "condenses" or shrinks from the extreme cold, which means, the cold is doing a lot of the work of "compressing" the air, the air is in effect expanding and refrigerating itself. This "self-cooling" of the expanding air cooling the air about to expand causes the air being compressed to simultaneously SHRINK, which takes a lot of the work load off the compressor!!! The air becomes easier and easier to compress as it is simultaneously cooling itself as it is being compressed. This is not an unknown process or effect:

Peter Lindemann wrote in his paper and quotes Tesla:

This illustrates what Tesla refers to as the "self-cooling" process that
allowed Dr. Carl Linde to liquefy air in 1895. Tesla immediately
understood the implications. He states that his invention could be
designed to run on liquid air, but that "its temperature is unnecessarily low."

Well, I think that pretty much covers everything, compressor, turbine, expansion valves, heat exchangers...

Is this all just accidental? A meaningless coincidence? Or maybe I'm reading more into it than is actually there? I don't really know but I'm just presenting it as a THEORY.

Fully understanding Tesla's theory behind his "Self Acting (HEAT) Engine" is probably best left for another thread. However Peter Lindemann put on a rather long presentation on the subject:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=6lLXvOodPlo

As seen in this video, the principle has multiple possible applications not at all limited to this "Buoyancy" engine.

[Tom Booth]

This post from earlier on is quite interesting:

Posted by Tesseract (here)
So, none of us really purports to exactly know how this machine works to produce free energy. (..)
(...)
I do agree that if we don’t know how any particular machine works, then, in a sense, it doesn’t matter. However, if the inventor who claims inventorship of the machine also does not know how it works, something isn’t quite right. This is always the first thing I look for from free energy claimants. I don’t completely understand how a microwave works. It’s perhaps not super important that I don’t know, since I enjoy the benefits of low energy cooking regardless. However, the person who invented the microwave knew what principles they needed to manipulate, and they knew where the energy was coming from that, in modern times, ultimately is transferred to your food.

I said in my earlier post that there is something about the compressed air that might be interesting. When the compressed air is released into the cylinder, it cools down spontaneously. Heat from the environment then warms it back up to room temperature. One could arguably try and work off this principle to make a machine that converts ambient heat into mechanical energy (but I won’t go any deeper down that rabbit hole). Ted's last post describes ways of extracting the thermal energy of a fluid. The trouble is that the device in the OP purports to continuously provide 10s or 100s of KW of power. If ambient heat were the energy source, the water in the tank would turn to ice fairly quickly, and the surrounding air would never be able to dump heat into it fast enough to melt it or keep it liquid to begin....

It seems Tesseract has not been here on the forum for several years. Nevertheless, I'd like to respond to some of the comments.

Part of the problem with this, and quite a number of other "Free energy" related inventions I've looked into is that the inventor(s), somewhat understandably, I think, want compensation for what may be a lifetime of hard work, research, trial and error building prototypes etc. They worked hard, investing untold hours, sleepless nights, and in many cases their own personal capital, endured criticism and mockery, possibly also risking, if the stories about free energy suppression are true, having their invention confiscated or even assassination, putting their very lives on the line,...

So, they are more than a little reluctant to just give it away.

In this case however, the company itself put out the same explanation put forward in this post, from the very start. They did not disclose every detail, but they certainly provided the general theory and dropped a lot of hints.

I would say that Tesseract here expresses a lot of skepticism and is generally dismissive, yet provides what he apparently believes to be a potentially plausable explanation:

When the compressed air is released into the cylinder, it cools down spontaneously. Heat from the environment then warms it back up[/U][/B] to room temperature. One could arguably try and work off this principle to make a machine that converts ambient heat into mechanical energy (but I won’t go any deeper down that rabbit hole)

Well, why not go down that "Rabbit Hole"?

Yes, it is absolutely inevitable, the conclusion is inescapable: The compressed air when released into the canisters through a "pressure reducing valve" is going to be, potentially, insanely cold, down into the cryogenic range. I say "potentially" only because the air as it is released into relatively warm water surrounded by warm ambient air starts to absorb heat from the water immediately, so never actually observably reaches this potentially extremely cold temperature. But the colder it COULD GET, in potential, the greater the amount of "FREE" environmental heat that becomes available to absorb and immediately convert into buoyancy / lifting power.

The more slowly the "turbine" rotates the longer and more thoroughly and effectively this conversion of INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY or ambient heat into useable torque to run a generator and produce a power output can be carried out.

What Tesla pointed out in his article in 1900 was that when heat is converted into "work" or power output, the heat, or what we perceive as "HEAT" disappears. The energy in the FORM or heat vanishes as it is transformed or converted into the mechanical motion of the energy conversion device or HEAT ENGINE.

So, in actuality (or theoretically), the conversion of heat into work takes place CONTINUALLY, all the way up as the canisters of air rise, because the heat being absorbed is immediately converted into turning power, which USES UP the heat being absorbed, so that MORE HEAT CAN BE ABSORBED.

This process of heat absorption and energy conversion by a heat engine is well known. It is called "ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION" and the theoretical conversion potential is 100%. See this discussion for example:

https://physics.stackexchange.com/qu...-work-with-100

and here:

https://www.quora.com/How-is-isother...verted-to-work

To quote one post:

It is indeed possible to convert heat completely to work in a non-cyclic process. Isothermal expansion can be completely converted to work. But what you cannot do is to get the fluid back to its original state without losing some heat, thus not being able to completely convert all heat into work.

In this Buoyancy system, there is no need to "get the fluid (AIR) back to its original state".

The air from the canisters, once it has reached the top of the tank, is simply released back to the atmosphere. So looking at this buoyancy tank, we see a machine that is (theoretically) 100% converting ALL of the heat being absorbed from the surrounding environment into useable power output.

True, some of that energy is used to run the compressor, but as previously described; the "self-cooling" of the air causes the air to contract, so the air is not being compressed with great difficulty as might normally be the case under ordinary circumstances.

This phenomenon is not new.

Take the case of Charles Tripler who wrote about his Liquid Air production method:

HOW it is done.

At once the (question arises. How can the liquid air be produced ? Will not the pressure and the artificial cold requisite involve a most costly expenditure of the forces previously and still at our disposal ? The answer is that he uses liquid air to produce liquid air. In the words of the inventor : —

"The liquefaction of air is caused by intense cold, not by compression, although compression is a part of the process. After once having produced this cold, I do not need so much pressure on the air which I am forcing into the liquefying machine. . . . My liquefying machine will keep on producing as much liquid air as ever, while it takes very much less liquid air to keep the compressor engine going. This difference I save. . .

''I have actually made about ten gallons of liquid air in my liquefier by the use of about three gallons in my engine. There is, therefore, a surplusage of seven gallons tnat has cost me nothing and which I can use elsewhere as power

https://archive.org/details/reviewre...e/244/mode/2up

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?...&q1=liquid+air

By using a similar process of compressing and "Self-Cooling" air, Tripler "discovered", he says, that he could run a steam engine to operate his liquid air machine compressors, by "boiling" liquid air in the steam engines boiler, needing only 3 gallons of liquid air to produce an additional ten gallons. In other words, an apparent "perpetual motion" or "free energy", again using compressed air along with environmental heat.

Another notable case:

The inventor of refrigeration John Gorrie:

After years of experimentation, Gorrie was awarded patent no. 8080 in 1851 for his Improved Process For The Artificial Production Of Ice. Unfortunately for Gorrie and the rest of the world, the northern ice syndicate, which controlled the ice trade, didn’t share his philanthropic enthusiasm. They saw his invention as a threat to their money-making cartel and set out to discredit Dr. Gorrie, attacking him in the press. It would take a Civil War and naval blockade preventing the delivery of northern ice to bring artificial ice production to the south. Once there, the frozen genie was out of the bottle.

Dr. John Gorrie died on June 29, 1855. He had just returned from New Orleans when he fell ill and the cause of his death is unknown. It is often stated that he died a broken and defeated man because he couldn’t get the world to take his ice-making machine seriously.

https://wfsu.org/local-routes/2023-0...f-ice-machine/

What is remarkable about this is, again, the similarity of the process used, but also, Gorrie's original invention was not just a refrigerator or heat pump for making ice but also a heat engine. In his patent Gorrie makes the claim that his ice making machine, once started, could continue operating on the heat that he extracted from the ice with virtually no outside assistance from any external power source. The energy to run the ice making machine was the heat withdrawn from the water to make the ice.

Again, a report of a virtual "perpetual motion machine", using compression and expansion of air. From Gorrie's patent:

It will have been seen that a great object aimed at in the construction of the machine is as perfect a system of compensations as possible. Thus the heat evolved and carried off in the condensation of air is replaced in the expanding-engine by an abstraction of heat from the water to be frozen through the intervention of the liquid in the cistern. In the consumption and production of mechanical force these compensating equivalents are more general and more marked. It has already been intimated that the power consumed in compressing air is nearly all recovered in the force exerted by its subsequent dilatation, and it has been shown in what way the force required to inject the water for receiving the heat of the condensed air may be, in a great measure, derived from the pressure of the air in the reservoir. It is evident that a mechanical apparatus admitting of such a system of compensations must operate, in theory at least, without the consumption of any power other than that required to overcome its friction,...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US8080A/en

This suggestion of the possibility of "Free Energy" from compressed air, or compression and expansion of air or some other gas (refrigerant) in a heat pump or refrigerator coupled with a heat or "hot air" engine has appeared again and again, and such reports are not just the rants from some crackpot inventor, but often from inventors like Tripler and Gorrie whose inventions are still in use today.

[Bill Ryan]

Tom, you have to read all the many posts by Wade Frazier on his thread here, all about Dennis Lee's Free Energy Heat Pump. in which Wade was directly involved.

[Tom Booth]

Posted by Bill Ryan (here)
Tom, you have to read all the many posts by Wade Frazier on his thread here, all about Dennis Lee's Free Energy Heat Pump. in which Wade was directly involved.

Thanks, though that's 565 pages and still rolling. I likely won't have the time to more than skim through all that material. What is the current status?

I have come across some of Dennis Lee's videos before. Again, compressor, heat exchanger, heat pump, claimed "overunity" or "free energy".

The first thing I noticed is the relentless, never ending accusations of "Fraud" and naturally Jail time for the inventor.

I took a very cautious methodical approach to the whole thing.

What it amounted to, ultimately is conflicting theories about the nature of heat itself.

For a long time heat was considered an actual physical substance. Not a lot different from water that flows in a river, but that could somehow pass through physical objects. So getting energy from heat was conceived as similar to a water wheel. Heat turns the turbine and flows right along and out the other side just like water.

In powering a water wheel or turbine the WATER does not "disappear" or get CONVERTED.

Tesla said in 1900:

Heat, like water, can perform work in flowing down,... But can we produce cold in a given portion of the space and cause the heat to flow in continually? ...let us reflect a moment. Heat, though following certain general laws of mechanics, like a fluid, is not such; it is energy which may be converted into other forms of energy as it passes from a high to a low level. ... If the process of heat transformation (in a heat engine) were absolutely perfect, no heat at all would arrive at the low level, since all of it would be converted into other forms of energy.

Tesla theorized or recognized heat not as a "fluid" (which believe it or not IS STILL THE BASIS OF MUCH OF THERMODYNAMICS TODAY, the theory and the mathematics, handed down from Carnot and Kelvin etc.) but energy that does not pass through a heat engine but rather is converted and so in effect "disappears" inside the engine rather than "flowing through".

This idea that heat "FLOWS THROUGH" a heat engine or Stirling engine from the hot side over to the cold side and out again is still assumed to be true.

Watch a dozen videos about how a Stirling engine operates and they will all say the same thing. The heat "flows through the engine" from the hot side and out from the cold side.

Tesla said no, the heat is converted: "...no heat at all would arrive at the low level, since all of it would be converted into other forms of energy".

His reasoning can be read in full here:https://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/res_art09.html

I was just living on the land and had no power to run lights and my computer to get on the internet and such so I just thought it would be a good idea to get a Stirling engine that could run on the heat from my woodstove. I could care less about the conflicting scientific theories, but if I had to build a Stirling engine myself, I would need to know how it actually works, so I needed to sort this out. Does the heat "Flow through" the engine or is it CONVERTED so the heat doesn't ever come back out of the engine as heat.

Well, I did all kinds of experiments to test this and find out for myself who was right, Tesla or "The Second Law of Thermodynamics" crowd.

So far, invariably, all my experiments have confirmed that Tesla was correct and Carnot and Kelvin et al were wrong, and of course, that makes much of modern thermodynamics theory wrong.

That also makes all these scorned, harassed and jailed inventors RIGHT.

But what can we do about it?

Well, I keep doing my experiments and post the results to various science and physics forums for comment, until eventually I've been banned from all of them.

Here is one thread:

https://scienceforums.net/topic/1286...iciency-valid/


Anyone can buy a model Stirling engine for under $50 and do such simple common sense experiments themselves. But I've been posting these videos for about a decade and nobody ever does. Rather than do a simple experiment they would rather just dismiss the whole topic offhand and ban me from the forum.

I've even made the offer several times to send anyone an engine at my own expense if they would please just replicate the experiment(s), then they are really quick to ban me. LOL.

[Tom Booth]

I've been reading up about Dennis Lee for the past week or so. It seems that he, and his various companies and/or organizations were a kind of clearinghouse/promotional/sales arm for all manner of "free energy" type devices and systems, as well as various health type products, jumping from one thing to another.

As far Wade Frazier, his writings are encyclopedic on virtually every topic imaginable, but states: "I kind of lost interest in heat engines and heat pumps. It is very primitive stuff compared to what the global elite possess"..

Be that as it may, IF "free energy" can really be derived from the ambient/solar heat in the atmosphere by simply using a heat pump as a kind of "FUEL PUMP" to concentrate and deliver heat/fuel to a heat engine, that could be the "low hanging fruit" that virtually any garage tinkerer could cobble together from pipes and valves and various other scrap.

I've taken a very cautious and methodical approach to the subject, starting with the basics.

Tesla wrote pretty extensively on the subject.

The prevailing theory in Tesla's day (Carnot / Kelvin / early formulations of the second law) remains virtually unchanged down to this day, stating emphatically that it is "impossible" for a heat engine to operate, or even complete a single revolution without "rejecting" the MAJORITY of the heat.

Tesla mounted a direct challenge to this prevailing theory, stating that heat is only a FORM of energy that is CONVERTED by a heat engine so that the heat is not "rejected", that is, the heat does NOT PASS THROUGH the heat engine to the "cold reservoir" but is instead converted into the mechanical motion of the engine itself, so that heat goes in and mechanical power or "work" comes out, and that is all.

To test which theory is correct, I sent away for several model Stirling engines:

This is one of them running on a cup of hot water:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=HQT5JviF-qk

The heat, according to general heat engine theory for the past century, enters the engine through the bottom of the engine from the hot water and travels up through the engine and back out through the top, Tesla however said no, it is not necessary for the heat to leave the engine at all, rather the heat goes into the engine and is converted, the disorganized and "invisible" motion of the molecules of air inside the engine are transformed into the VISIBLE organized mechanical motion of the engine.

Conservation of energy would seem to dictate that the heat cannot do BOTH, that is, the energy cannot leave the engine in the form of mechanical work done by the engine, and then ALSO leave the engine still in the same form, as heat. Modern thermodynamic heat engine theory violates the law of conservation of energy by saying that the heat does BOTH, passing THROUGH the engine while simultaneously producing "work".

Anyway, theory aside, what happens experimentally if the presumed "heat flow" leaving the top of the engine is blocked by insulation?

Before I actually carried out this experiment, everyone on the Stirling engine forum familiar with the way a Stirling engine is supposed to operate were absolutely certain that the engine would overheat and be unable to run if the top of the engine were covered with insulation so that the heat going in the bottom of the engine could not escape.

Experimentally this turned out not to be the case at all. Here is the same engine as in the previous video running in the same way on top of a cup of hot water:

Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Iq6snxiXbGg

Not only did the engine fail to overheat and come to a stop, but it actually ran faster than it would normally under identical circumstances (except for the insulation) and it also ran for a longer period of time.

An advantage of combining a heat pump with a Stirling engine over something like the Fisher heat engine is that a Stirling engine can operate on a very modest heat source, such as warm water, only requiring a few degrees temperature difference, whereas the Fisher heat engine Dennis Lee was attempting to utilize required extremely high "super-heated" steam at about 700 degrees.

Comparing the two videos, it can be readily seen that the engine when covered with the insulation runs much more vigorously than it did previously without insulation.

It also continued running in this way for several HOURS, much longer than without the insulation.

Anyone can do such simple experiments and demonstrate this for themselves.

[Tom Booth]

Now, according to "The Second Law of Thermodynamics" and more specifically the so called "Carnot Efficiency Limit" so called "mathematical formula":

engine efficiency = 1 minus the cold temperature divided by the hot temperature.

Or more concisely: η = 1 - Tc/Th

...what is demonstrated in the above video, (and dozens of other similar simple experiments I've video recorded and posted online) should be "impossible".

In the above experiment, the cold temperature, or ambient room temperature was about 68 degrees Fahrenheit and the hot temperature, the temperature of the hot water, after being poured out of the tea kettle into the cup was about 175 degrees Fahrenheit.

Now the reason I say "so-called" Carnot efficiency equation is that to use the formula it is necessary to convert the temperature values to the Absolute (or Kelvin) temperature scale. A temperature scale that did not exist while Carnot was alive, so this spurious relatively modern formula has been falsely attributed to Carnot.

Anyway: 68 F = 293 K and 175 F = 353 K

So plugging in the actual temperature valves:

η = 1 - Tc/Th
η = 1 - 293/353
η = 1 - 0.83
η = 17% efficiency

So, according to this reasoning, or this supposed mathematical "LAW", disregarding friction and other loses, a "perfect" Carnot engine would only be able to convert. AT BEST, 17 percent of the heat entering into the engine into mechanical power or "work" and the remaining 83% absolutely MUST pass straight through the engine to be "rejected" as "Waste heat".

Of course, the small model Stirling engine is not supposed to be as efficient as the "perfect" Carnot heat engine, so the model Stirling engine in the video, according to this "science" should be less than 17%

It is plain to see both logically and experimentally, that this so-called "Efficiency Limit" supposedly imposed by the so-called "2nd Law" is absolute rubbish.