Haemorrhagic fever / Ebola outbreaks have been reported - accident, natural or bio-weapon?

[Bob]

Nigeria Confirms Port HarCourt Ebola Death

The victim, an unnamed doctor who died in the southeastern oil city of Port Harcourt, marks Nigeria’s sixth Ebola death in a recent outbreak of the disease primarily affecting West Africa. He is believed to have been infected by a man linked to Nigeria’s first Ebola case, Patrick Sawyer, who died in Lagos shortly after arriving there from Liberia.

The yet-unnamed doctor had died last Friday, but Nigerian Health Minister Onyebuchi Chukwu waited until Thursday to confirm the case, the BBC reports. The doctor’s wife has been put under quarantine, while an additional 70 people suspected to have had contact with him are being monitored in Port Harcourt.

Port HarCourt is an international HUB and an OIL production region center. Expatriots work and travel through there for working in the Oil fields.

Mr. Chukwu, the Health Minister, noted that while “the problem is not over . . . Nigeria is doing well on containment, all the disease in Nigeria were all traced to Patrick Sawyer.”

West Africa’s health ministers will be meeting later Thursday to discuss measures to address what’s become the largest-ever Ebola epidemic.

(Source)

[Bob]

DR Congo Ebola traced to it's source - bushmeat

(Source)

They have said so many times: "DON'T EAT THE BUSHMEAT" and yet it continues..

Possibly now the reservoir for Ebola in DR Congo (Central Africa) has been located.

Potentially endemic with the BATS (also STOP eating the BATS), the bats which become infected, harbour the Ebola disease, contaminating themselves, and the FRUIT.. Monkeys eat the sick bats, or the contaminated fruit. Hunters go after the monkeys (bushmeat source), kill them, eat a portion, and sell the rest.

And that is where the cycle starts. At least for DR Congo.

The West African "patient zero" is thought to be a young child which was bitten by a bat infected with the Ebola-Zaire strain, back in December 2013.

Patient Zero for the DR Congo outbreak (a total of 24 suspected Ebola cases were identified in Congo between July 28 and Aug. 18, including 13 people who died) were derived from a woman (pregnant) who butchered some bushmeat which was given to her husband.

She came from Ikanamongo village in DR Congo, and died Aug. 11 2014. A doctor and two nurses who were exposed to the woman during surgery also developed symptoms and died, along with a hygienist and another person identified as a "ward boy."

Other deaths were recorded among relatives of the woman, people who were in contact with clinic staff and those who handled the bodies of the victims during funeral ceremonies, the WHO said. So far, 80 people are being watched who have come in contact with the affected people.

LOCATION:
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has confirmed Ebola virus disease in Equateur Province in the Jera area (close to Boende town), more than 1200 kilometres north-east of the Congolese Capital, Kinshasa. Ikanamongo village is said to be 100 km NW of Boende)

[Bob]

God.. Dogs eating Ebola infected Corpses in streets

(Source)

In Liberia, the situation has been reported as in "free-fall", "serious", "out-of-control", "tragic", "overwhelming", "disaster", pick the descriptor and multiply by 1000X.

"Dogs in one community in Liberia are reportedly eating the remains of dead Ebola victims lying on the streets."

"Liberian government had even buried bodies of those suspected to have died from Ebola a few weeks ago in Johnsonville Township, outside of Monrovia.

"A number of dogs were reportedly seen pulling the bodies out of the graves and eating the remains."

Dr. Stephen Korsman of the University of Cape Town’s medical virology division tells News 24 that dogs can be infected with the Ebola virus but that “infections appear to be asymptomatic.” (or not showing symptoms, but harbouring the disease..)

“This means that dogs won’t get sick, but they still could carry a potential risk through licking or biting..”

Now what? The potential spread has just upped exponentially..

[Roisin]

What about birds doing that too and then flying their seasonal migrations to other parts of the world?

They've also got chickens running loose all over that country.... what if the infected ones are butchered and eaten by humans? Will the disease pass on to humans even though chickens are asymptomatic -- like bats are too?

[Bob]

Posted by Roisin (here)
What about birds doing that too and then flying their seasonal migrations to other parts of the world?

They've also got chickens running loose all over that country.... what if the infected ones are butchered and eaten by humans? Will the disease pass on to humans even though chickens are asymptomatic -- like bats are too?

Up the potential spread exponentially by 10.. 20,000 is the current WHO estimate.. for the spread before they can "control" it..

WildFire scenarios happen when the vectors spread the disease that cannot be controlled by normal quarantine means.

From the blog page on CDC's website:

Of course that was 'just' a joke, right, on the CDC blog site? Talking about zombies.. (walking dead)

UPDATE - looking at additional 'known' "forest" (or wild) reservoirs for the infection Ebola..:
Gorillas, monkeys, bats, forest Antelopes, porcupines, chimpanzees.. any substances which these animals have partially eaten (and dropped, i.e. fruits, foraging leaves/plants, or animal droppings..), harvested animals of the species above, i.e. "bushmeat", or "bat delicacy (spicey bat soup)"..

Pigs can be affected (and spread virus airborne as well as when they are eaten or contacted), as the fruit bats (which can be infected) often frequent the farms keeping the pigs. Earlier it was mentioned that the West African patient zero was a young 2 year old child bitten by an infected bat back in December 2013.

Birds - (Source)

"In December, a Purdue University science team presented new research that links Ebola with birds. According to the study, the outer protein shell of filoviruses, such as Ebola, have a biochemical structure similar to retroviruses carried by birds, making a common evolutionary origin more likely.

"There can be no doubt now that an ancestral virus had a shell that evolved to become the shells of the Ebola virus and bird retroviruses," said David Sanders, the professor who headed the research team.

"Sanders stresses that his discovery does not prove that birds are the natural reservoir for Ebola. But it makes them more plausible hosts. The prospect of migratory birds carrying Ebola has obvious health implications."

[Flash]

Posted by Bob (here)
God.. Dogs eating Ebola infected Corpses in streets

(Source)

In Liberia, the situation has been reported as in "free-fall", "serious", "out-of-control", "tragic", "overwhelming", "disaster", pick the descriptor and multiply by 1000X.

"Dogs in one community in Liberia are reportedly eating the remains of dead Ebola victims lying on the streets."

"Liberian government had even buried bodies of those suspected to have died from Ebola a few weeks ago in Johnsonville Township, outside of Monrovia.

"A number of dogs were reportedly seen pulling the bodies out of the graves and eating the remains."

Dr. Stephen Korsman of the University of Cape Town’s medical virology division tells News 24 that dogs can be infected with the Ebola virus but that “infections appear to be asymptomatic.” (or not showing symptoms, but harbouring the disease..)

“This means that dogs won’t get sick, but they still could carry a potential risk through licking or biting..”

Now what? The potential spread has just upped exponentially..

Corps have to be burned. I bet anything that India, aons ago, got the tradition to burn bodies because of a plague that had overtaken the country, I bet anything this is it.

[Bob]

Viral Mutation - what it means, why Ebola is mutating

(http://www.vox.com/2014/8/28/6071071/ebola-sequencing)

Life wants to survive, no matter what - no matter if the life is "crystalline-like", or highly complex like amoeba or bacteria, or higher organisms.

The more rapid the turnover of the life cycle, the more rapid different genetic combinations are tried in order to continue to proliferate it's species..

What works is what can continue to reproduce..

Ebola is no different.

From the Article:
One of the big mysteries in the Ebola outbreak in West Africa is where the virus came from in the first place — and whether it's changed in any significant ways. These unanswered questions could be making it more difficult to diagnose the disease and find treatments.

Now scientists are starting to get some answers. In a new paper in Science, researchers reveal that they have sequenced the genomes of Ebola from 78 patients in Sierra Leone who contracted the disease in May and June.

Those sequences revealed some 300 mutations specific to this outbreak.

(Continually we have heard from the authorities, some outspoken medicos, saying that there is nothing to see here, ebola isn't mutated, it is stable, just something that needs to burn itself out.. and so forth.. BUT..they are either wrong 'accidentally' because of not being properly educated or they are 'not telling the truth'.)

Among their findings, the researchers discovered that the current viral strains come from a related strain that left Central Africa within the past ten years. And the research confirms that the virus likely spread into Sierra Leone when women became infected after attending the funeral of a traditional healer who had been treating Guinean Ebola patients.

The current Ebola outbreak in West Africa is the worst on record. It has hit four countries, including Sierra Leone, infected approximately 3,000, and killed (known about officially) over 1,550 people. And so far, there is no sign of it slowing down. (WHO is saying it is accelerating..)

The fact that the researchers were able to sequence the Ebola genomes in mere months is remarkable — a contrast to the typically slow pace of scientific research. "We’re trying to do this as fast as possible," says co-senior author Pardis Sabeti, a biologist at MIT and Harvard. This new data increases the number of public Ebola virus sequences fourfold.

Genotype modification (mutation major grouping)


Although Ebola's mutation rate itself isn't anything unusual, the longer it's circulating in people, the more chances it will have to randomly come up with a mutation that it will find beneficial — possibly to the detriment of human health.

"You never want to give a virus that kind of opportunity," Sabeti says. "We hope that this work opens up new doors for more people to work together to stop this virus now."

further reading - How Viruses manage to stay a step ahead of treatment

http://www.vox.com/2014/6/27/5846900...s-to-kill-them - this is a VERY good article to read to understand how organisms mutate in order to survive.

Viruses mutate very quickly

"The major reason that viruses evolve faster than say, mosquitoes or snakes or bed bugs, is because they multiply faster than other organisms. And that means every new individual is an opportunity for new mutations as they make a copy of their genetic material.

"Many of those mutations have no noticeable effect. But every once in a while, one might help the organism survive — for example, by letting viruses infect not just birds, but people, too."

[Bob]

4 of the WestPoint (Liberia's quarantined district outside of Monrovia) looters who claimed "there is no Ebola", who broke into the clinic stealing supplies, contaminated bedding, have tested positive for the Ebola virus.

The protesters, who said there was no Ebola in Liberia, stormed and ransacked the Ebola Quarantine Center and made away with bloodstained mattresses and bed sheets after chasing away patients who were quarantined there.

Minister Brown, who did not give the identities of the protesters that he said got tested positive of Ebola, made the disclosure on Monday, 25 August when he spoke to UNMIL Radio.

Is it justified to keep WestPoint quarantined? Sure seems like it.. Even though, with the quarantine, there are reports of those breaking the quarantine by swimming. One such buster works at a western Embassy. (hmm)

President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf on Monday, August 25paid a visit to quarantined West Point community to further explain to the people the intent of the measures placed on their community.

In West Point, the Liberian President informed the residents that the measures placed on them were temporary and is only meant to stop the spread of the Ebola virus disease.

The President told the West Pointers that the government and its partners have arranged food supply and challenged the residents to remain calm as food and water distribution has already started.

President Sirleaf, as part of several measures already taken to stop transmission, last Tuesday, August 19, quarantined West Point and Dolo Town communities in Monrovia and lower Margibi County due to an outbreak in those communities.

Unicef flew in 70 metric tons of emergency medical supplies. He said the shipment includes 27 metric tons of chlorine and 900,000 gloves, the lack of which had resulted in the deaths of dozens of health workers. He announced that a second flight, sponsored by the Liberian government and the World Bank, is on its way.

There is still no sign of the kind of international response that would allow Liberia and its neighbors, Guinea and Sierra Leone, to really get on top of things. But with more international assistance than before and with civic action giving local people a sense that they can do something to make a difference, the grip of fear may be loosening. With all hands on deck, Liberians are becoming more hopeful that the fight against Ebola will eventually become something of the past.

Among Liberians, still grappling with the consequences of a 14-year civil war that ended in 2003, distrust of the government runs deepest in Monrovia’s poorest neighborhoods. Despite billboards and posters throughout the city declaring that “Ebola is Real,” many Liberians believe it is not.

[Bob]

Ebola spreads to Senegal

(http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/w...ry-gets-worse/)

Senegal confirmed its first case of Ebola on Friday, according to a statement from Health Minister Awa Marie Coll Seck.

The patient, a Guinean national who traveled to Senegal, is in quarantine.

Guinea is one of the Western African Countries where the current Ebola outbreak started back in December 2013.

Why are we worrying about Ebola when so many people are dying from WARS, or Measles?

Ebola has no vaccine (Measles does), Ebola can be present for a few days and people won't know about it. That can lead to WILDFIRE epidemics. The enemy is not seen as in other wars, this virus is insidious.. Catching means coming in contact with the virus. Is the mutation going airborne? MSM has started to recognize now that reports have been coming out spelling out quite clearly, the VIRUS is mutating, into what?

In the late 1960's I read about Marburg, possibly the Parent to Ebola. Officially in '76 Ebola made its debut in Africa. It was also pointed out in the earliest posts in this THREAD that Ebola (and Marburg) were part of the Soviet Bio-Weapons arsenal.

This particular Ebola strain has the capacity to rapidly mutate (300 mutations between May and June 2014 in the subjects tested). Mutation is a perfect characteristic for a WEAPON of MASS DESTRUCTION - a weapon that when a treatment is made for it, the mutations rapidly countermeasure the treatment..

[Bob]

BCX-4430 was talked about a few pages back in this thread, being effective against Ebola, Marburg and many of the SARS related viruses, INCLUDING MERS_nCOV. (I wish this was available when I came back with Mers_nCov from Abu Dhabi a bit ago..)

This may be in the nick of time with the Hajj in Saudi Arabia scheduled for this October.. (we have a thread on MERS discussing the potential for world wide epidemic as millions come in close contact during the Hajj).. (thread post link with the USAMRIID PDF)

This drug treatment and the Japanese counterpart probably are the only TWO most promising drugs for a broad range of viruses..

THIS is exciting

The main Article (Source)

BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced this morning that their small-molecule, nucleoside analogue, BCX-4430, would be entering a dose ranging efficacy study in non-human primates within the next few weeks.

This study could potentially meet all of the criteria for FDA’s Animal Rule, a path by which drugs tested in animals could move to emergency treatment of humans while human safety trials proceed concomitantly.

The company, based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, is developing agents first identified in the laboratory of Yarligadda S. Babu, Ph.D., previously with the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

In a March, 2014 paper published in the journal Nature, where Dr. Babu is a co-author, the majority of the other co-authors were from the Division of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Therapeutic Discovery Center, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID).

The team was led by the well-regarded virologist, Dr. Sina Bavari. Previous inquiries have been made to interview Dr. Bavari but are being denied by communications staff

The Nature paper demonstrated that BCX-4430 given after a viral challenge could stop Ebola and related Marburg infections from taking hold in rodents. Most notably, BCX-4430 given 48 hours after Marburg virus infection confers complete protection to cynmologous monkeys.

So, unlike with a vaccine, the BCX-4430 "TREATMENT" is being developed as a post-exposure measure for those in environments where conditions are conducive to accidental viral exposure.

Biocryst’s BCX-4430 is a much smaller molecule intended for broad spectrum anti-viral use, described by the company as “an RNA dependent-RNA polymerase inhibitor that has demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against more than 20 RNA viruses in nine different families, including filoviruses, togaviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses and flaviviruses.”

Having read this thread one would highly appreciate the nature of BCX-4430 if it proves effective with eventual human clinicals.

[Bob]

QUEBEC, Canada - Gatineau town - young girl ill after coming back from Sierra Leone

(More information here)

Dr. Jean-Pierre Courteau, medical officer of health for the Outaouais region, said in an interview with Radio-Canada they’re being cautious because of her symptoms but couldn’t go into detail.

The girl is in isolation at an undisclosed hospital after coming with her family to a Gatineau emergency room earlier in the day Friday with flu-like symptoms.

There is no risk of contamination for medical staff and other people there, Dr. Courteau said.

He said testing is being done in Winnipeg and results should be known by Saturday afternoon.


and over in Liberia, the district quarantine in WestPoint has now been lifted.

The 50-60,000 people are now able to get supplies. The government had caught 4 of the perpetrators who broke into the Ebola Clinic, proclaiming there is no ebola here, and infected themselves. The patients that they chased out were returned.. So apparently the government has decided it is safe, (unless an outbreak appears at which point they will re-enact the quarantine).

(Source)

"Residents of the neighborhood, West Point, will be free to move in and out starting Saturday at 6 a.m., said Lewis Brown, the minister of information. The army, which had pressed for the quarantine and took the lead in enforcing it in the first two days, will be removed from West Point, leaving only the police, Mr. Brown said.

A nationwide curfew, from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m., will remain in place, he said.

“This was a tool intended to help the community to help themselves and get the help they desperately need,” Mr. Brown said in a telephone interview. “We’re pleased with the way that the community has owned up to this.”

[Flash]

Gatineau is next door to Montréal. I hope they are careful. Here in Montréal, we do have hospitals with the ultimate reverse air rooms for these kind of cases, and all the Equipment. But i do not think they have this in Gatineau.

And my question is: what did they do with the family members, on which plane were they flying, where are all the other passengers, etc etc.

[Bob]

It really is important to look at the family and who the little girl has been in contact with, on the plane and elsewhere - tracking.. Possibly, you could check with LOCAL news and post here what is found on this.

Universities in the US, probably Canada are starting to say, ANYONE coming from Africa, in from any of the affected countries will have to show they are not infected with Ebola (possibly other diseases as well)..

Posted by Flash (here)
Gatineau is next door to Montréal. I hope they are careful. Here in Montréal, we do have hospitals with the ultimate reverse air rooms for these kind of cases, and all the Equipment. But i do not think they have this in Gatineau.

And my question is: what did they do with the family members, on which plane were they flying, where are all the other passengers, etc etc.

[Bob]

Young girl tests negative in Canada for Ebola

She is still in isolation as of Saturday - (Source

Those tests, done in Winnipeg, came back negative on Saturday afternoon. The town is Gatineau, Quebec where she is in the hospital.

The girl remains in isolation and she is in stable condition, according to health officials in western Quebec.

[Bob]

Another DEMONSTRATED EFFECTIVE preventative for Ebola

(not a vaccine, not a treatment) - THIS is AMAZING.

(Source)

Sci Transl Med 5, 190ra79 (2013); This method was developed FOR the FDA in 2013.

So were ultra-fast analysis methods to determine if cells being analysed contained Ebola.

The scientists doing the testing found that SERMs (Selective estrogen receptor modulators), that have many uses ranging from fertility treatments to breast cancer treatment, have effective antiviral activity against Zaire strain of Ebola.

SERMs ARE already registered with the FDA (able to be used NOW) and would require a repurposing to be prescribed for preventative and treatment for Ebola (off labeling uses).

The compounds likely act late in viral entry, preventing viral fusion. They act on many cells, not just cells which would be responsive to estrogen.

The scientists found that the two brand named products:

• CLOMIPHENE - Clomid and Serophene trade name product
• TOREMIFENE

Clomiphene treats female infertility due to anovulation.

The substances toremifene, tamoxifen also used to treat cancers provided some of the strongest antiviral activity.

ALL STRAINS of EBOLA were tested and found to be inhibited by the compounds.

Both clomiphene and toremifene also were effective against inhibiting Marburg virus from entering the cells.

Treatment - 10 days regimine - "clomiphene citrate" and "toremifene citrate", 60 mg/kg intra-peritoneal injection.

This worked in both male and female mice.

Experiments using live filoviruses were performed in biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) facilities at USAMRIID.

Clomiphene citrate (CAS #50-41-9)
Tamoxifen citrate (CAS #54965-29-1)
Quinestrol (CAS #152-43-2)

Sales of above laboratory grade products (NOT FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT USE) - Sigma-Aldrich

Toremifene citrate (CAS #89778-27-8)
Sales of above laboratory grade product (NOT FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT USE) - Sequoia Research Chemicals

[Bob]

Sweden reporting possible Ebola Case

(Source)

A hospital in the Swedish capital is investigating a possible case of Ebola, Swedish media has reported.

A man who recently travelled to a "risk area" for the virus was taken to Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm suffering from a fever and is being treated in an isolation unit, the reports said on Sunday.

UPDATE - FAST TRACK test on the man shows NO ebola present.

"Tests results have shown that a man who was hospitalized in Sweden on Sunday as a suspected Ebola case isn't carrying the potentially deadly virus, Stockholm County Council health officials said in a news release on Monday.

"An unidentified young man sought treatment for high fever and stomach pains at a local health clinic in Stockholm on Sunday evening.

"After medical staff learned that he had recently visited a West African country affected by the Ebola virus, he was transferred to medical isolation at Stockholm's Karolinska University Hospital.

"The man has been tested for Ebola and the results show he doesn't have the virus, said Ake Ortqvist, a communicable disease specialist, in a news release issued by Stockholm County Council health services.

"We can conclude that there are no signs whatsoever that patient has contracted Ebola," Dr. Ortqvist said."

----------------------

OF the numerous people coming back from West Africa, just what ARE they coming back with that the hospitals ARE NOT saying?

This thread discusses numerous types of Haemorrhagic Fevers which can be caught in Africa, the Philippines, South America, Central America, the Caribbean, Asia... and are a public health concern.

[Bob]

China since 2009 working on Ebola treatment

Today they say they have a treatment for the People's Army in China. Obviously they have known it was important for MILITARY use. Bioweapons use that is.

"China's first drug against Ebola has recently obtained manufacturing approval as a special medication for the People’s Liberation Army. The drug named "JK-05" has been developed by the Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology under Academy of Military Medical Sciences.

"For the last five years, Professor Wang Hongquan, led a research team, studying the prevention and treatment of the Ebola virus—one of the most virulent viral diseases known to humankind.

"JK-05 is a micro-molecular chemical, and its pharmacological mechanism is to selectively contain the RNA polymerase of the Ebola virus so as to inhibit virus replication," Academy of Military Medical Sciences Prof. Wang Hongquan said."

(Source)

[Bob]

2 more medical workers have survived Ebola treated with zMapp monoclonal antibody.

Voinjama, Liberia -- Dr. Senga Omeonga and physician assistant Kynda Kobbah were discharged from a Liberian treatment center on Saturday, 30 August 2014 after recovering from the virus, according to the World Health Organization.

They were given ZMapp -- the experimental drug that's credited with saving the lives of two Americans infected with Ebola.

Of the published human treatment with zMapp, two have died 4 have survived and have been released with no trace of the active virus. A doctor in Liberia had died, a priest in Span had died.

(Source)

Media are calling it a 100% success for zMapp but the statistics say otherwise. Earlier in this thread we asked the questions, is it a function of TIMING (when the drug is given), AGE of the person, ability of the body to handle multiple organ damage, ability of the Hospital to provide proper support of various organ failure scenarios.. How much of the survival comes from the drug?

[Bob]

Rivers State Commissioner for Health, Sampson Parker says the contact tracing team has identified 178 persons that had contact with the late Dr. Iyke Enemoah (the doctor who died).

Three more people have now been quarantined in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

The commissioner stated this during his daily media briefing to keep the public abreast with efforts of stakeholders to tackle the Ebola scourge in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

According to him, 50 out of this number have high risk exposure, stating that three persons have been moved to the Isolation centre in Eduoha, while late Dr. Enemoah’s wife, who was earlier moved to Lagos is stable and responding to treatment.

(Source)

UPDATE

A female doctor in Port Harcourt has tested positive to the dreaded Ebola Virus Disease. It is reported that she was on admission at the Green Hart hospital where the late Port Harcourt doctor, Iyke Enemoah, was treated after he got infected with the deadly virus in the course of treating an ECOWAS official.

During a meeting of the National Emergency Council on Ebola outbreak in Nigeria held today, September 1st, the Minister of Health, Prof. Onyebuchi Chukwu had revealed this.

Speaking with all Commissioners for Health in Nigeria, Prof. Chukwu said the doctor who tested positive to the disease is now being treated at the Ebola isolation ward in Rivers state.

The number of confirmed Ebola cases in Rivers state (Port Harcourt area) has now climbed to three with this recent development; they include the index case- ECOWAS official, Oluibukun Koye; the late Dr, Iyke Enemoah who died on Friday August 22nd and the recently diagnosed female doctor.

(Source)

[Bob]

SIMS USA has reported that another American Doctor has been infected with EBOLA

(ABC NEWS reports)

What they said is that he was NOT working on any patients, had not been obviously exposed from a Patient (with Ebola).. Liberia (had been treating women in the obstetrics ward ..)

This suggests an AIRBORNE (or other) form of transmission.

(Source)