To the President of Ukraine, Petro O. Poroshenko, and to the Chairman of Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada, Volodymyr B. Hroysman:
We, the undersigned, appeal to you not to sign into law the draft laws (no. 2538-1 and 2558)1 adopted by the Verkhovna Rada on April 9, 2015. As scholars and experts long committed to Ukraine’s regeneration and freedom, we regard these laws with the deepest foreboding. Their content and spirit contradicts one of the most fundamental political rights: the right to freedom of speech. Their adoption would raise serious questions about Ukraine’s commitment to the principles of the Council of Europe and the OSCE, along with a number of treaties and solemn declarations adopted since Ukraine regained its independence in 1991. Their impact on Ukraine’s image and reputation in Europe and North America would be profound. Not least of all, the laws would provide comfort and support to those who seek to enfeeble and divide Ukraine.
We also are troubled by the fact that the laws passed without serious debate, without dissenting votes and with large numbers of deputies declining to take part.
In particular we are concerned about the following:
Concerning the inclusion of groups such as the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) as “fighters for Ukrainian independence”: Article 6 of this law makes it a criminal offense to deny the legitimacy of “the struggle for the independence of Ukraine in the 20th century” and public denial of the same is to be regarded as an insult to the memory of the fighters. Thus questioning this claim, and implicitly questioning anything such groups did, is being made a criminal offense.
Law 2558, the ban on propaganda of “Communist and National Socialist Regimes” makes it a criminal offense to deny, “including in the media, the criminal character of the communist totalitarian regime of 1917-1991 in Ukraine.”
The potential consequences of both these laws are disturbing. Not only would it be a crime to question the legitimacy of an organization (UPA) that slaughtered tens of thousands of Poles in one of the most heinous acts of ethnic cleansing in the history of Ukraine, but also it would exempt from criticism the OUN, one of the most extreme political groups in Western Ukraine between the wars, and one which collaborated with Nazi Germany at the outset of the Soviet invasion in 1941. It also took part in anti-Jewish pogroms in Ukraine and, in the case of the Melnyk faction, remained allied with the occupation regime throughout the war.
However noble the intent, the wholesale condemnation of the entire Soviet period as one of occupation of Ukraine will have unjust and incongruous consequences. Anyone calling attention to the development of Ukrainian culture and language in the 1920s could find himself or herself condemned. The same applies to those who regard the Gorbachev period as a progressive period of change to the benefit of Ukrainian civil society, informal groups, and political parties, including the Movement for Perestroika (Rukh).
Over the past 15 years, Vladimir Putin’s Russia has invested enormous resources in the politicization of history. It would be ruinous if Ukraine went down the same road, however partially or tentatively. Any legal or ‘administrative’ distortion of history is an assault on the most basic purpose of scholarly inquiry: pursuit of truth. Any official attack on historical memory is unjust. Difficult and contentious issues must remain matters of debate. The 1.5 million Ukrainians who died fighting the Nazis in the Red Army are entitled to respect, as are those who fought the Red Army and NKVD. Those who regard victory over Nazi Germany as a pivotal historical event should neither feel intimidated nor excluded from the nation.
Since 1991, Ukraine has been a tolerant and inclusive state, a state (in the words of the Constitution) for ‘citizens of Ukraine of all nationalities’. If signed, the laws of April 9 will be a gift to those who wish to turn Ukraine against itself. They will alienate many Ukrainians who now find themselves under de facto occupation. They will divide and dishearten Ukraine’s friends. In short, they will damage Ukraine’s national security, and for this reason above all, we urge you to reject them.
Signatories (in alphabetical order):
David Albanese, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Soviet and Russian History, Northeastern University, USA
Tarik Cyril Amar, Assistant Professor of History, Columbia University, USA
Dominique Arel, Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada
Eric Aunoble, Researcher and Senior Lecturer in Ukrainian History, Geneva University, Switzerland
Martin Aust, Visiting Professor of History, University of Basel, Switzerland
Mark R. Baker, Assistant Professor, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
Omer Bartov, John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of History and Professor of German Studies, Brown University, USA
Harald Binder, Ph.D., Founding President, Center for Urban History of East Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine
Marko Bojcun, Director of the Ukraine Centre, London Metropolitan University, UK
Uilleam Blacker, Lecturer in Comparative East European Culture, University College London, UK
Jeffrey Burds, Associate Professor of Russian and Soviet History, Northeastern University, USA
Marco Carynnyk, Independent Scholar, Toronto, Canada
Heather J. Coleman, Canada Research Chair and Associate Professor, Department of History and Classics, University of Alberta, Canada
Markian Dobczansky, Ph.D. candidate, Department of History, Stanford University, USA
Sofia Dyak, Director, Centre for Urban History of East Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine
Maria Ferretti, Professor of Contemporary History, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italia
Evgeny Finkel, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, George Washington University, USA
Rory Finnin, University Senior Lecturer in Ukrainian Studies, University of Cambridge, UK
Christopher Ford, Lecturer in Trade Union Education, WEA London, UK
J. Arch Getty, Distinguished Professor of History University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
Christopher Gilley, Research Fellow, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Frank Golczewski, Professor in the Program in History, University of Hamburg, Germany
Mark von Hagen, Professor of History, School of Historical, Philosophical, and Religious Studies, Arizona State University, USA
André Härtel, Lecturer in International Relations, Department of Political Science, University of Jena, Germany
Guido Hausmann, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
John-Paul Himka, Professor Emeritus, Department of History & Classics, University of Alberta, Canada
Adrian Ivakhiv, Professor of Environmental Thought and Culture, University of Vermont, USA
Kerstin S. Jobst, Professor of East European History, University of Vienna, Austria
Tom Junes, PhD (historian) - Imre Kertész Kolleg, Jena, Germany
Andreas Kappeler, Professor Emeritus of History, University of Vienna, Austria
Ivan Katchanovski, Adjunct Professor, School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada
Padraic Kenney, Professor of History, Indiana University, USA
Olesya Khromeychuk, Teaching Fellow, University College London, UK
Oleh Kotsyuba, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, USA
Matthew Kott, Researcher at Centre for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden
Mark Kramer, Program Director for Cold War Studies, Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University, USA
Nadiya Kravets, Postdoctoral Fellow, Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University, USA
Olga Kucherenko, Independent Scholar, Cambridge, UK
John J. Kulczycki, Professor Emeritus, Department of History, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
Victor Hugo Lane, York College, City University of New York, USA
Yurii Latysh, Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, Ukraine
David R. Marples, Distinguished University Professor, Department of History & Classics, University of Alberta, Canada
Jared McBride, Visiting Assistant Professor of History, Columbia University, USA
Brendan McGeever, Early Career Research Fellow, Birkbeck, University of London
Javier Morales, Lecturer in International Relations, European University of Madrid, Spain
Tanja Penter, Professor of Eastern European History, Heidelberg University, Germany
Olena Petrenko, Ph.D. Student, Department of East European History, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Simon Pirani, Senior Research Fellow, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, and Lecturer on Russian and Soviet History, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK
Yuri Radchenko, Senior Lecturer, Kharkiv Collegium Institute of Oriental Studies and International Relations, and Director of Center for Inter-ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe, Kharkiv, Ukraine
William Risch, Associate Professor of History, Georgia College, USA
Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe, Research Fellow, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany
Blair Ruble, Political Scientist, Washington, DC, USA
Per Anders Rudling, Associate Professor of History, Lund University, Sweden
Martin Schulze Wessel, Chair of Eastern European History, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
Steven Seegel, Associate Professor of History, University of Northern Colorado, USA
Anton Shekhovtsov, Visiting Senior Fellow, Legatum Institute, London, UK
James Sherr, Associate Fellow, Chatham House, London, UK
Volodymyr Sklokin, Researcher, Center for Urban History of East-Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine
Iryna Sklokina, Researcher, Center for Urban History of East-Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine
Yegor Stadny, Ph.D. Student, Department of History, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Ukraine
Andreas Umland, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation, Kyiv, Ukraine
Ricarda Vulpius, Research Fellow, Department for the History of East- and Southeastern Europe, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
Lucan Way, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto, Canada
Zenon Wasyliw, Professor of History, Ithaca College, USA
Anna Veronika Wendland, Research Coordinator, The Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe, Marburg, Germany
Frank Wolff, Assistant Professor of History and Migration Studies, Osnabrück University, Germany
Christine Worobec, Professor Emerita, Northern Illinois University, USA
Serhy Yekelchyk, Professor of Slavic Studies and History, University of Victoria, Canada
Tanya Zaharchenko, Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Historical Research, Higher School of Economics, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Sergei Zhuk, Associate Professor of History, Ball State University, Indiana, USA
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